灰额刺尾鱼溃疡病病原分离及鉴定

从灰额刺尾鱼(Acanthurus glaucopareius)体表溃烂处及内脏器官中分离到5株较强致病力的菌株,经过人工感染健康鱼证实该菌株是致病菌。对该病原菌进行了形态、生理生化反应测试,结果显示为溶藻弧菌(Vibrioalginolyticus)。应用细菌16S rDNA的通用引物对该菌基因组DNA进行PCR扩增、克隆测序,得到1条长度为1 392 bp的核苷酸序列,该序列与溶藻弧菌(登录号GQ455008)的16S rDNA基因序列同源性达99%,进一步确定该致病菌为溶藻弧菌。药敏试验结果表明,该菌株对痢特灵、氟哌酸、环丙沙星等药物敏感,对甲氧胺嘧啶、氨苄青霉素、阿米卡星、青霉素等药物耐药。研究亮点:通过系统的病原学试验研究,证实了灰额刺尾鱼溃疡病的病原为溶藻弧菌,并验证了该病原菌的药物敏感性等特性,以及对该病的病症、病因及临床治疗方法进行了分析,这些结论尚属首次报道,为灰额刺尾鱼溃疡病以及其他海水观赏鱼同类疾病的临床诊断和防治技术提供科学依据。     

拟态弧菌外膜蛋白OmpU 基因的原核表达及其免疫保护性研究

自行构建的pMD18T-OmpU重组克隆质粒经BamHI/EcoRI双酶切后,定向插入原核表达质粒pGEX-4T-1中构建重组表达质粒pGEx-4T-1-OmpU.将重组表达质粒转化至大肠杆菌E.coli BL21进行IPTG诱导表达.表达产物经SDS-PAGE电泳及Western-blot分析显示,以包涵体形式表达的GST-OmpU融合蛋白的分子量约为62.9 kD,可与鼠抗拟态弧菌外膜蛋白(Omps)免疫血清发生特异性反应,提示重组OmpU保留了天然Omps的抗原性.用纯化的融合蛋白免疫昆明系小鼠,以50LD50拟态弧菌(5×103CFU/mL)攻击,小鼠的免疫保护率为60%(9/15).表明OmpU是拟态.弧菌的保护性抗原之一,具有研发成为外膜蛋白基因工程亚单位苗的潜在价值.     

Immune responses of barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), after administration of an experimental Vibrio harveyi bacterin by intraperitoneal injection, anal intubation and immersion

Barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), were immunized with an experimental Vibrio harveyi bacterin via intraperitoneal injection, immersion and anal intubation. Both specific and non-specific immune parameters were measured to compare responses to bacterin after delivery by various methods. Elevated antibody activities in sera were found in all treatment groups with barramundi injected intraperitoneally displaying significantly higher antibody activity than the other groups. In addition, there was evidence of memory induction with a heightened antibody response in the intraperitoneally injected group only. Bacteriostatic assays indicated activity against V. harveyi in the sera of all bacterin-treated groups; again this activity was significantly higher in the intraperitoneally injected groups. There was no enhancement noted in head kidney macrophage phagocytic activity or in serum lysozyme levels.     

Dietary administration of Bacillus (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) and isomaltooligosaccharide influences the intestinal microflora,immunological parameters and resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus in shrimp,Penaeus japonicus (Decapoda: Penaeidae)

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of oral administration of probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) in combination with prebiotic isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) on the intestinal microflora and immunological parameters of Penaeus japonicus and its resistence against Vibrio alginolyticus. A basal diet was supplemented with 0% probiotics and prebiotic (control), 10⁸ colony forming unit (CFU) g^?1B. licheniformis and 0.2% IMO (T1), 10⁸ CFU g^?1B. subtilis and 0.2% IMO (T2), 10⁸ CFU g^?1B. licheniformis in combination with 10⁸ CFU g^?1B. subtilis and 0.2% IMO (T3). The results showed that the total bacterial counts significantly increased (P<0.05) and Vibrio counts significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the intestine of shrimp with supplementation of dietary synbiotics. Shrimp fed the diet with both Bacillus probiotics and IMO (T3) produced significantly higher immune parameters (phenoloxidase activity, lysozyme activity and nitric oxide synthase activity and superoxide dismutase activity) than the control group (P<0.05). Significant lower cumulative mortality after challenge with V. alginolyticus was also observed in shrimp fed diet with both Bacillus probiotics and IMO (T3) than that in the control group (P<0.05). The results indicated that the oral administration of probiotics (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) and prebiotic IMO has positive effects on bacterial flora in P. japonicus gut, and can activate non‐specific immunity of shrimp.     

Impact of farm management on expression of early mortality syndrome/acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (EMS/AHPND) on penaeid shrimp farms in Thailand

Asian shrimp farming industry has experienced massive production losses due to a disease caused by toxins of Vibrio bacteria, known as early mortality syndrome/acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (EMS/AHPND) for the last 5 years. The disease can cause up to 100% cumulative pond mortality within a week. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with AHPND occurrence on shrimp farms. A case–control study was carried out on shrimp farms in four provinces of Thailand. Factors related to farm characteristics, farm management, pond and water preparation, feed management, post‐larvae (PL) shrimp and stock management were evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified factors affecting AHPND occurrence at the pond level. Chlorine treatment, reservoir availability, use of predator fish in the water preparation, culture of multiple shrimp species in one farm and increased PL stocking density contributed to an increased risk of AHPND infection, while delayed first day of feeding, polyculture and water ageing were likely to promote outbreak protection. Additionally, the source of PL was found to be associated with AHPND occurrence in shrimp ponds, which requires further study at the hatchery level. Identification of these factors will facilitate the development of effective control strategies for AHPND on shrimp farms.     

一株副溶血弧菌噬菌体的分离与鉴定

分离到2株副溶血弧菌噬菌体,筛选出其中具有强裂解性的1株.该噬菌体的噬菌斑中心清亮,边缘有晕环.12 h观察,噬菌斑直径约3 mm,效价为1011pfu/ml.该噬菌体的核酸为线型双链DNA,大小约4 kb.电镜观察显示,头部为正二十面体,直径约110 nm,有尾,尾长约270 nm,底部有3个刺突.按国际病毒分类委员会第五次报告的分类标准,该噬菌体具肌尾噬菌体科的特征,与其他副溶血弧菌噬菌体比较显示,该噬菌体可能是一种新型的副溶血弧菌噬菌体.     

灿烂弧菌和创伤弧菌的不同保存方法比较

比较了琼脂斜面、穿刺石蜡保存法和甘油冷冻冻存法保存灿烂弧菌和创伤弧菌的效果。结果表明,甘油冷冻冻存法和穿刺石蜡保存法的保存期显著比琼脂斜面法长,保存12月后各保存方法细菌的毒力都有不同程度的下降,甘油冷冻冻存法显著好于其它2种保存方法。     

Administration of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis induces growth,immune and antioxidant enzyme activities,gut microbiota assembly and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Litopenaeus vannamei

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of dietary Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 11946 (BL) on the growth, immune and antioxidant activities, intestinal morphology and microbiota, and susceptibility to Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP_AHPND) in juvenile pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (LV). Juvenile LV (initial weight = 0.63 ± 0.001) were fed diets containing varying BL concentrations (0 (BL0), 10⁶ (BL1), 10⁷ (BL2) and 10⁸ (BL3) CFU/g feed) for 8 weeks. Growth performance, immune and antioxidant enzyme activities, and intestinal morphology significantly improved in the probiotic‐treated groups than the untreated. Regardless of the treatment group, the two dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, whereas the two dominant genera were Ruegeria and Vibrio. Increasing inclusion of probiotics in diets led to significant increase in beneficial bacterial genera (Ruegeria, and Pseudoalteromonas) and a significant decrease in some known opportunistic pathogens (Vibrio, Tenacibaculum, Photobacterium, Kangiella and Spongiimonas) with the BL3 group witnessing the best. A 7‐day challenge study with VP_AHPND showed significantly high protection in the probiotic‐treated groups, with the BL3, BL2 and BL1 obtaining 51%, 34% and 22% relative percentage survival, respectively. In conclusion, BL at 10⁸ CFU/g feed should be used to help in shrimp production since it attained the most significant improvement.