Evaluation of the AQUARAPID-Va, AQUAEIA-Va and dot-blot assays for the detection of Vibrio anguillarum in fish tissues

The comparative accuracy of the serological assays AQUARAPID-Va, AQUAEIA-Va (BIONOR AS), and dot-blot for a rapid diagnosis of vibriosis in fish was evaluated. Twenty-one Vibrio anguillarum strains, representative of pathogenic and environmental serotypes, and 13 strains of other fish pathogenic bacteria were used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the detection methods. The serological assays tested detected all the strains of V. anguillarum serotypes O1 and O2. The dot-blot assay was the most specific and sensitive method, detecting almost all isolates from serotypes O1, O2 and O3, with an average sensitivity of 1 x 10(6) bacteria g(-1) of fish tissue. The AQUARAPID-Va and the AQUAEIA-Va systems were able to detect 5 x 10(6) and 5 x 10(7) bacteria g(-1) of fish tissue, respectively. The simplicity, effectiveness and speed of the AQUARAPID-Va system confirmed this method as the most suitable serological test for the detection of V. anguillarum in field analysis and small-scale laboratory studies.     

Occurrence of Listonella anguillarum in seed production environments of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel)

The present study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of Listonella anguillarum in the rearing water, fish and diets (rotifers) of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). A total of 793 isolates were obtained from the seed production environment of Japanese flounder and 175 out of them were identified as L. anguillarum by biochemical characterization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection for VAH1 haemolysin gene and phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acids (rDNA) sequences. These results strongly suggested that L. anguillarum is rapidly and accurately identified by the combination of incubation on thiosulphate–citrate–bile salt–sucrose agar at 35°C overnight and PCR detection for the VAH1 haemolysin gene. All flounder specimens and all rotifer samples harboured L. anguillarum at high densities of 6.9 × 10³–6.3 × 10⁵ colony forming units (CFU) g^?1 and 1.5 × 10⁴–2.3 × 10⁶ CFU g^?1, respectively, while as low as 5.0 × 10⁰–2.0 × 10¹ CFU mL^?1 of L. aguillarum were detected in only two of 11 seawater samples, even though no vibriosis occurred in larval and juvenile flounder of tanks. This fact strongly suggests that L. anguillarum is an inhabitant in the seed production environments of Japanese flounder.     

Antibacterial abilities of intestinal bacteria from larval and juvenile Japanese flounder against fish pathogens

The present study was undertaken to examine the antibacterial abilities of intestinal bacteria isolated from juveniles and larvae of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . Newly hatched larvae of flounder were held in a 100 L plastic circular tank and fed rotifiers, Artemia nauplii and commercial feeds, depending on the developmental stage of the fish. Genera Aeromonas , Moraxella and Vibrio were predominantly isolated from the intestinal tracts of Japanese flounder at larval and juvenile stages, whereas Aeromonas , Bacillus , coryneforms, Moraxella , Pseudomonas and Vibrio were detected at high densities in live diets and artificial feeds. Antibacterial bacteria accounted for 1.7–24.3% of the intestinal isolates against Lactococcus garvieae , Pasteurella piscicida , Vibrio anguillarum and V. vulnificus . In particular, as much as 53.3% of Vibrio spp. other than Vibrio -swarmer isolated from 197-day-old juveniles inhibited the growth of P. piscicida . These results suggest that intestinal bacteria having antibacterial activity play a role in the prevention of infectious diseases.     

20味中药对鳗弧菌的药敏试验

鳗弧菌病是养殖及淡、海水水产动物的重要疾病之一。该病在全球范围内广泛发生,目前对该病的防制主要利用化学药品、抗生素或减活、灭活疫苗。通过20种中药对鳗弧菌抑菌、杀菌作用的研究,用2种常用抗生素类药物作为对照。结果表明,黄芩、白头翁、鱼腥草、五倍子、石榴皮4种中药对鳗弧菌的抑菌作用效果显著。     

溶血相关基因缺失降低鳗弧菌感染花鲈的致病性

为阐明毒力因子溶血素对鳗弧菌感染花鲈过程中发挥的作用,实验以花鲈为研究模型,采用临床剖检、组织病理学观察、分子生物学检测、转录组分析等检测方法开展实验。通过对花鲈幼鱼分别注射5.0×105 CFU鳗弧菌野生株和缺失株△vah1-vah4-rtxA,评估了溶血相关基因缺失对花鲈的感染能力、花鲈各组织的病理变化情况以及免疫响应的影响。结果显示,花鲈感染野生株后的LD50为2.103×105 CFU/mL,感染缺失株△vah1-vah4-rtxA后LD50为1.837×106 CFU/mL,溶血相关基因缺失使鳗弧菌毒性降低8.74倍;鳗弧菌主要定殖在花鲈的肠道和鳃中,溶血相关基因缺失降低鳗弧菌在花鲈体内的定殖能力,同时降低对肠道黏膜空泡化、鳃坏死的损伤程度;转录组分析表明vah1、vah4、rtxA缺失后,头肾组织的差异表达基因显著富集到造血细胞谱系、抗原处理和呈递、细胞粘附分子、肠道免疫网络的IgA生产等免疫通路。这些结果表明,溶血相关基因缺失降低了鳗弧菌感染花鲈的致病能力。研究结果有助于进一步了解鳗弧菌的致病机制,并为开发花鲈抗弧菌免疫增强剂或减毒疫苗提供依据。     

牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)丝氨酸蛋白酶Ⅰ-1基因多态性

采用重测序方法,利用牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)野生个体,扩增了牙鲆丝氨酸蛋白酶(Serine protease) I-1基因的编码区(CDS)和2605 bp的启动子序列。在牙鲆丝氨酸蛋白酶I-1基因(PoSP I-1)编码区中筛选出9个单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs),同时在其启动子区筛选出28个SNP位点。对感染鳗弧菌的抗病牙鲆和易感牙鲆进行了部分SNP位点的分型,通过分析CDS中SNP位点的分布情况,发现SNP365A/G位点在抗病个体中的AG基因型的基因频率是60%,高于易感个体的40% (P=0.01)。qRT-PCR结果显示,易感个体在细菌感染后,PoSP I-1相对表达量相比对照组呈下降趋势。在抗病个体中,PoSP I-1相对表达量相比对照组呈上升趋势,且高于易感个体。结果表明,丝氨酸蛋白酶基因在牙鲆抗鳗弧菌感染中发挥重要作用,该基因的SNP365A/G位点是与牙鲆鳗弧菌感染相关的候选位点,该位点可作为牙鲆抗鳗弧菌选择育种的潜在标记。     

鳗弧菌三价灭活疫苗的长期免疫保护效果

鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)是一种能感染多种鱼类的条件致病菌,引起高致死率出血性败血病,流行于我国海水养殖环境,造成极大的经济损失。为此,本研究以鳗弧菌O1、O2和O3血清型菌株为抗原,制备了鳗弧菌三价灭活疫苗,以腹腔注射途径对健康大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)(80.2±4.7)g进行一次免疫,在一次免疫后60 d以同等剂量和途径进行二次免疫。对一免组进行150 d的观测,结果显示,大菱鲆血清的3种抗原的特异抗体水平在免疫后14 d显著升高(P0.05),免疫后28 d达到最大值1∶320,免疫后28~150 d稳定在1∶106.7~1∶320,在免疫后14~150 d血清抗体效价均显著高于对照组(P0.05);相对免疫保护率(RPS)的检测结果显示,免疫后7 d大菱鲆抵抗鳗弧菌3种血清型病原感染的RPS分别为43.8%、38.9%和16.7%,免疫后28 d RPS均达最大值100%,免疫后28~120 d的RPS值保持在70%~100%,免疫后150 d的RPS值为35%~100%。对二免大菱鲆观测了90 d,二免后3~60 d的大菱鲆血清抗体水平显著高于同期一免的大菱鲆(P0.05),二免后60~90 d抗体水平下降,与同期一免鱼无显著差异(P0.05);二免大菱鲆的RPS值均高于70%,高于同期一免大菱鲆。上述结果显示,以鳗弧菌三价灭活疫苗一次免疫大菱鲆,抗体持续期不少于150 d,有效免疫保护期(RPS70%)不少于120 d;二次免疫大菱鲆,抗体持续期和有效免疫保护期(RPS70%)均不少于150 d。空白组最终体重略高于免疫组,但2组的特定生长率(SGR)无明显差异,说明三价疫苗对大菱鲆生长没有影响。     

Prevalence of a fish pathogen, Listonella anguillarum, in the intestinal tract of fish collected off the coast of Japan

This study evaluates the influence of temperature manipulation on circulating levels of sex steroids and gonadal maturation in F1 generation Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis breeders kept under either continuous light (LL) or natural photoperiod (NP). Under LL, progressive water temperature reduction during early winter [treatment MT (modified temperature)] significantly elevated [compared with exposure to LL and constant temperature (CT)] plasma steroid levels in females (January–February) and males (January) and proportion of females initiating maturation (January), suggesting a modulatory role of decreasing temperature in the early phases of sole gonadal recrudescence. Under NP, treatment MT did not stimulate female gonadal maturation despite the significantly higher plasma testosterone levels (February) compared with exposure to NP and CT, which may indicate that females at early‐intermediate phases of ovarian development, the predominant stages of maturation at early winter, were less responsive to the treatment. Conversely, treatment MT significantly enhanced male androgen production from January onwards, together with an increase in proportions of running individuals (March), indicating that males were also responsive to this treatment at mid‐late phases of testicular development. Our data further support the strong influence of water temperature on the overall control of gonadal maturation in Senegalese sole.     

牙鲆家系4 个选育性状的测定与分析

为了研究牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)不同选育性状之间的相关性,2009年建立了38个牙鲆实验家系和1个养殖场对照组。选取其中33个家系和对照组进行鳗弧菌感染实验并对存活个体进行荧光标记后混合养殖在2个水泥池中,其中一个混养池在平均400日龄时暴发了淋巴囊肿病(Lymphocystis Disease,LD),LD发病率为62.4%,包括16个家系和对照组。从这些家系中筛选出4个发病率低于40.0%的抗病家系(F0939,F09104,F0915,F0908)。另外,在4~5月龄时,从每个家系中平均选取100尾鱼进行荧光标记后混合养殖,580日龄时测定这些家系的养殖存活率和体重,平均养殖存活率为32.0%,将7个养殖存活率高于55.0%的家系定义为高养殖存活率家系(F0908,F0975,F0990,F09125,F0927,F09119,F0905)。对牙鲆LD的抗病个体和易感个体的体重和全长进行卡方检验,发现抗病个体的体重和全长均显著高于易感个体(P0.01),同时分析牙鲆各个家系的LD发病率与发病时的体重和全长的相关性,结果显示牙鲆各个家系LD发病率与发病时体重和全长均呈强负相关(r–0.6)。对牙鲆家系鳗弧菌感染存活率、LD发病率、580日龄的养殖存活率和体重这4个性状两两之间进行相关性分析,发现LD发病率与580日龄的体重呈强负相关(r=–0.790);鳗弧菌感染存活率与养殖存活率之间为弱正相关(r=0.371);其他性状两两之间不存在显著相关性(–0.092≤r≤0.185)。本研究共筛选到了4个牙鲆LD抗病家系和7个高养殖存活率家系,并揭示了4个牙鲆选育性状之间的相关性,为培育速生多抗的牙鲆新品种提供了遗传材料和理论依据。