Vegetative compatibility and pathogenicity of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium dahliae</Emphasis> isolates from the aegean region of Turkey

A total of 101Verticillium dahliae isolates were recovered from cotton plants at 57 sites in the Aegean region of Turkey between 2003 and 2004. Isolates were tested for vegetative compatibility by observing heterokaryon formation among complementary nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants. Forty-six isolates were assigned to VCG 1, 12 to VCG 2A, 33 to VCG 2B and four to VCG 4B. The remaining six isolates could not be tested for vegetative compatibility because of their inability to yieldnit mutants. All isolates recovered were tested for pathogenicity on cotton cultivars Acala SJ-1 and Deltapine 15-21 by the stem-injection method. The isolates of VCG 2 and 4B, irrespective of their origin, induced weak to severe symptoms on cotton and were similar to the previously described cotton non-defoliating pathotype. In contrast, all cotton isolates of VCG1 caused severe foliar symptoms, stunting, defoliation and often death. This is the first report on VCG 1 ofV. dahliae in Turkey. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 4, 2007.     

营养和农药对蜡蚧轮枝菌生长发育的影响

在25℃条件下,测定了4种培养基和8种农药对蜡蚧轮枝菌生长发育的影响。结果表明,马铃薯葡萄糖和查氏培养基最适于菌丝生长和产生分生孢子。所有供试农药对蜡蚧轮枝菌菌丝生长均有显著的抑制作用,其中代森锰锌的抑菌率高达100%,其次为代森锌、百菌清及敌敌畏,再次为氯氰菊酯和阿维柴油,链霉素和氟虫腈的抑菌率最低。     

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and their components against the three major pathogens of the cultivated button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus

Essential oils of Matricaria chamommilla, Mentha piperita, M. spicata, Lavandula angusti folia, Ocimum basilicum, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Salvia officinalis, Citrus limon and C. aurantium and their components; linalyl acetate, linalool, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, carvacrol, thymol and menthol were assayed for inhibitory activity against the three major pathogens of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, i.e. the fungi Verticillium fungicola and Trichoderma harzianum and the bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii. The highest and broadest activity was shown by the Origanum vulgare oil. Carvacrol possessed the highest antifungal activity among the components tested.     

Contribution to the taxonomy and pathogenicity of fungicolous Verticillium species. I. Taxonomy

The genusVerticillium is divided into four sections (two new) and a residual group. The new sectionNigrescentia comprises the well-known plant-pathogenic and some other saprophytic species with dark resting structures. The new sectionAlbo-erecta is characterized by white (or yellowish) colonies and erect conidiophores and contains mainly fungicolous species. Seven (two new) species and two new varieties are described and keyed out. Three other species have known teleomorphs ofNectriopsis (one new and two new combinations). This genus had been merged withNectria by Samuels, but its retention is justified, as the original and the here described fungicolous (and myxomyceticolous) species are more suitably accomodated inNectriopsis than inHypomyces.The common causal agent of dry bubble inAgaricus bisporus, Verticillium fungicola var.fungicola, is redescribed and defined more narrowly than by Gams (1971) by its maximum growth temperature below 27°C. A similar fungus with a maximum growth temperature near 33°C, causing brown spots inA. bitorquis, is described asV. fungicola var.aleophilum. Isolates from wild agarics with a strongly reduced growth at 24°C and a maximum below 27°C, a yellowish mycelium and inconspicuous sclerotia, are described asV. fungicola var.flavidum. V. biguttatum W. Gams,sp. nov., with cylindrical biguttulate conidia, is a common soil fungus and hyperparasite ofRhizoctonia solani. Gliocladium microspermum (Sacc.) W. Gams,comb. nov., the anamorph ofNectriopsis broomeana (Tul.) W. Gams,comb. nov., which is intermediate betweenGliocladium andVerticillium, is included because of its fungicolous habit.Samenvatting Het geslachtVerticillium wordt onderverdeeld in vier secties (waaronder twee nieuwe) en een restgroep. De nieuwe sectieNigrescentia bevat onder meer de bekende ziekteverwekkende soorten met donkere ruststructuren. De nieuwe sectieAlbo-erecta wordt gekarakteriseerd door witte (of geelachtige) kolonies en rechtopstaande conidioforen en bevat hoofdzakelijk op andere fungi groeiende soorten. Zeven soorten (waaronder twee nieuwe) en twee nieuwe variëteiten worden beschreven en in een sleutel verwerkt. Drie andere soorten bezitten perfecte vormen vanNectriopsis (waaronder één nieuwe en twee nieuwe combinaties). Dit geslacht werd door Samuels metNectria samengevoegd, maar kan gehandhaafd worden en lijkt beter geschikt om de hier beschreven ascomyceten onder te brengen danHypomyces. Verticillium fungicola var.fungicola, de algemene veroorzaker van droge mollen bij de champignon (Agaricus bisporus), wordt beschreven en met zijn temperatuur-maximum beneden 27°C nauwkeuriger gedefiniëerd dan in een vroegere studie (Gams, 1971). Een vergelijkbare schimmel met een temperatuurmaximum van ongeveer 33°C, die bijA. bitorquis bruine vlekken veroorzaakt, wordt beschreven alsV. fungicola var.aleophilum. Isolaten van wilde paddestoelen met een optimum duidelijk beneden 24°C en een maximum beneden 27°C, geelachtig mycelium en onopvallende sclerotiën, worden beschreven alsV. fungicola var.flavidum. V. biguttatum W. Gams, sp. nov., met cilindrische, biguttate conidiën, is een algemene grondschimmel en hyperparasiet vanRhizoctonia solani. Gliocladium microspermum (Sacc.) W. Gams, comb. nov., de imperfecte vorm vanNectriopsis broomeana (Tul.) W. Gams, comb. nov., een tussenvorm tussenGliocladium enVerticillium, wordt opgenomen wegens zijn voorkomen op vruchtlichamen van de dennemoorder.     

一个编码富含丝氨酸蛋白的基因影响大丽轮枝菌的微菌核形成、产孢及致病力

 大丽轮枝菌是一种可在广泛的寄主范围内引发黄萎病的土传植物病原真菌,主要以微菌核的形式在土壤中存活多年,因此鉴定与微菌核形成及致病力相关的基因对防治该病害至关重要。本课题组从前期构建的棉花黄萎病菌T-DNA插入突变体库中筛选到一个微菌核明显减少的突变体,致病力测定结果表明,该突变体致病力明显下降。以棉花黄萎病菌野生型菌株V592的基因组DNA为模板,从棉花黄萎病菌中克隆到被T-DNA插入突变的基因(VdSRP1)编码区全长为415 bp,包含一个外显子,编码一个富含丝氨酸蛋白,与任何已知的注释基因没有显著的序列相似性。为了明确VdSRP1基因在大丽轮枝菌中的功能,利用同源重组的原理及农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法获得了VdSRP1基因的2个敲除体菌株,与棉花黄萎病菌野生型菌株V592相比,VdSRP1基因敲除突变体的微菌核形成明显减少,产孢量及孢子萌发率下降,对棉花的毒力也显著下降。对野生型菌株V592及VdSRP1敲除突变体的转录分析表明,VdSRP1调控一系列与微菌核形成、孢子形成及致病力相关基因的表达。这些结果表明,VdSRP1基因影响大丽轮枝菌的致病力、微菌核形成、产孢及孢子萌发。     

抗棉花黄萎病种质资源的筛选与鉴定

应用棉花黄萎病菌 (Verticillium dahliae)毒素在棉花苗期对 32份棉花材料进行了抗黄萎病性初筛和田间病圃鉴定 ,未发现高抗材料 ,抗病类型仅占全部试材 9.4% ,耐病类型占50.0%。抗性表现较好的 4个抗黄萎病种质材料为R₁、R₂ 、R₃和R₄。     

Epidemiology of Verticillium dahliae on olive (cv. Picual) and its effect on yield under saline conditions

The epidemiology of Verticillium dahliae and its effect on yield was studied for 3 years in three plots of olive cv. Picual, planted in soil previously cropped with highly susceptible V. dahliae host plants and irrigated with saline water. Disease incidence increased 2·2-, 2·6- and 1·5-fold in plots 3A, 9A and 9C, respectively, within 39, 25 and 15 months of the first record taken. The highest severities were recorded in spring 2001 (4·0, 5·3 and 5·4 on a scale of 2–10, respectively). Disease incidence and severity increased during winter–spring and decreased during summer. Seasonal changes were also observed in the isolation of V. dahliae ; the highest isolation rates in diseased trees were in winter (34%) and spring (45%), and the lowest were in autumn and summer (19–20%). Verticillium dahliae was isolated on an average of 27, 28 and 19% from the bottom, middle and top of the tree canopy, respectively, and was isolated from trees with and without symptoms. The fruit yield from diseased trees was reduced by an average of 75% in comparison with symptomless trees in plot 3A each year. A similar yield reduction (89%) was recorded in plot 9A in 2000. The severe expression of the disease and its effect on yield in the present study could be due to the fact that the orchard was planted in infested soil, and that saline irrigation probably exacerbates the problem.     

Weed hosts ofVerticillium dahliae in crete: Susceptibility, symptomatology and significance

A survey of common and uncommon weed species usually showing Verticillium wilt symptoms was carried out during 1992–2000 in Crete, Greece.Verticillium dahliae was isolated in 48 out of 182 sampled fields, in which several weed species were grown, from several locations in Oropedio, Lasithi. Altogether, 124 isolates ofV. dahliae were recovered from the vascular stem-tissue of 19 weed species, belonging to ten botanical families. Pathogenicity trials with 13 out of 19 weed species that have never been reported as hosts of the fungus, using for inoculation isolates which originated from the same weed species, resulted in infection of all of them, showing various disease symptoms. Seven weed species (Anthemis melanolepis, Cardaria draba, Convolvulus arvensis, Erodium sp.,Euphorbia helioscopia, Helminthotheca echioides andSinapis alba) are new hosts worldwide, and six additional species (Euphorbia sp.,Lactuca serriola, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sinapis arvensis, Sonchus oleraceus andTrifolium sp.) are new hosts for Greece. The most susceptible (isolation frequency: 27.9–52.8%, moderate disease severity) species were:Capsella bursa-pastoris, C. draba, Chenopodium album, Senecio vulgaris andSolanum nigrum. Less susceptible (isolation frequency: 4.8–17.8%, slight disease severity) were:Amaranthus sp.,A. melanolepis, C. arvensis, Erodium sp.,Euphorbia sp.,E. helioscopia, H. echioides, L. serriola, Malva sylvestris, R. raphanistrum, S. alba, S. arvensis, S. oleraceus andTrifolium sp. Some species —C. draba, C. album, L. serriola andS. nigrum L. — that usually showed external and vascular wilt symptoms, occasionally exhibited only reduced growth. Visible symptoms under natural field conditions in all 13 weed species that had never been reported as hosts ofV. dahliae were similar to those observed after their artificial inoculation. The fungus was not isolated fromFoeniculum vulgare ssp.piperitum, Oxalis corniculata andStellaria media, among other species. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 18, 2002.     

紫外线对蜡蚧轮枝菌原生质体的诱变效果

本研究利用紫外线对蜡蚧轮枝菌原生质体及分生孢子的诱变,获得了3个产孢量比对照提高10倍以上的菌株,其对桃蚜及绣线菊蚜的致死率比对照菌株提高30～50％。连续三代培养、保藏半年的突变菌株,其产孢量及对蚜虫的致死率均保持稳定。