基于三维光谱特征空间的干旱区土壤盐渍化遥感定量研究

土壤盐渍化是干旱半干旱区农业发展的重要制约因素,同时也是干旱区所面临的最主要的生态环境问题之一,因而准确获取土壤的盐渍化信息对于实时掌握其分布范围以及合理地开展盐渍化治理工作具有重要意义。选取渭干河--库车河流域绿洲典型盐渍地作为研究区,以Landsat-TM多光谱遥感影像为基础数据源,首先对影像进行最小噪声分离处理（MNF变换）并计算其像元纯度指数（Pixel Purity Index, PPI）,选取能表征区域特征信息的前三个波段构建MNF三维光谱特征空间,然后在向量空间和单行体理论的指导下,结合实地调查,提出“植被亮点区”概念,并定义“盐渍化距离指数（Soil Salinization Distance Index, SDI）”为多维向量空间中包含于单行体中的盐渍化像元到“植被亮点区”的归一化距离。最后利用不同盐分环境下的实测数据对SDI进行精度验证。结果显示：在低植被覆盖区,即中度、重度盐渍化区,SDI与0~10cm内土壤盐分含量相关性要高于0~20cm,R²＞0.83。在相对高覆盖区,即农田和轻度盐渍化区,SDI与0~20cm内平均盐分含量相关性要高于0~10cm,R²＞0.81。0~10cm层二者总体精度R²=0.81,0~20cm层二者相关性总体精度R²=0.72。研究表明,SDI指数模型简单、易于构建,精度较高,具有一定的应用价值,有利于干旱区区域大尺度盐渍化的定量分析和监测工作。*     

衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复过程中土壤水文效应

采用空间代替时间序列方法, 对衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地不同植被恢复阶段土壤层的水文效应进行研究。结果表明: (1)从裸露地、草坡、灌草、灌丛至乔灌恢复阶段, 土壤蓄水性与渗透性显著增加(P<0.05); (2)Horton入渗模型对各植被恢复阶段的入渗过程拟合效果较好(R²≥0.765), 有较好的适用性; (3)土壤理化性状、植被根系显著影响土壤的渗透性能, 植被根系提高土壤入渗性能的实质是: ≤1 mm细根可有效改善土壤的理化性状; (4)基于主成分分析, 从裸露地、草坡、灌草、灌丛至乔灌恢复阶段, 土壤综合水文效应显著提高(P<0.05)。此研究结果将丰富该地区植物生态学与恢复生态学的内容, 并为衡阳紫色土丘陵坡地生态系统的恢复与重建提供重要依据。     

西北干旱地区水资源系统开发对植被的影响

水资源条件的变化对环境的影响突出反映在干旱区环境生态脆弱地带,并以地下水或地表水变化对环境中的植物因素产生影响。它们主要表现为:人工林退化、荒漠河岸林衰退,绿洲外围天然灌丛的衰败、草甸植被的变化等方面。而这种影响因其方式、数量和作用方向不同而异。植被保护和干旱区生态环境的改善已是十分迫切的问题。由于水资源系统与植被间有着复杂的物质循环、能量流动和信息传递的关系,因此应把水资源看作生物圈的组成部分,实行环境综合管理。依据干旱区土地生态系统构成的原理和结构,协调好水资源系统开发和植被保护的关系。     

Assessing broadband vegetation indices and QuickBird data in estimating leaf area index of corn and potato canopies

Leaf area index (LAI) is a key biophysical variable that can be used to derive agronomic information for field management and yield prediction. In the context of applying broadband and high spatial resolution satellite sensor data to agricultural applications at the field scale, an improved method was developed to evaluate commonly used broadband vegetation indices (VIs) for the estimation of LAI with VI–LAI relationships. The evaluation was based on direct measurement of corn and potato canopies and on QuickBird multispectral images acquired in three growing seasons. The selected VIs were correlated strongly with LAI but with different efficiencies for LAI estimation as a result of the differences in the stabilities, the sensitivities, and the dynamic ranges. Analysis of error propagation showed that LAI noise inherent in each VI–LAI function generally increased with increasing LAI and the efficiency of most VIs was low at high LAI levels. Among selected VIs, the modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI) was the best LAI estimator with the largest dynamic range and the highest sensitivity and overall efficiency for both crops. QuickBird image-estimated LAI with MSAVI–LAI relationships agreed well with ground-measured LAI with the root-mean-square-error of 0.63 and 0.79 for corn and potato canopies, respectively. LAI estimated from the high spatial resolution pixel data exhibited spatial variability similar to the ground plot measurements. For field scale agricultural applications, MSAVI–LAI relationships are easy-to-apply and reasonably accurate for estimating LAI.     

Microhabitat preferences of butterflies in urban parks: Both vegetation structure and resources are decisive

Urban parks comprise diverse microhabitats, such as vegetation units of lawn and arbour forests, with differing biodiversity potentials. However, the influences of microhabitats on butterfly diversity and the mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study used butterfly survey data from 112 plots in 27 urban parks in the central metropolitan area of Beijing, China, from June to September 2020. Based on the growth form of larval host plants, recorded butterfly species were classified into three functional groups: woody plant-feeding taxa (WF), herb-feeding taxa (HF), and feeding on multiple plant growth forms taxa (MF). We analysed the effects of 11 variables among three facets, namely, vegetation composition, vegetation structure, and human activity, on the butterfly diversity (species richness and abundance) of the whole community, three functional groups using generalised linear mixed models. Twenty-five butterfly species observed mainly feed on herbs rather than on woody plants. Our results demonstrated that vegetation community characteristics explain up to 24% and 43% variation in butterfly species richness and abundance, respectively. Of this, vegetation structure facets crucially affected butterfly species richness, and vegetation composition facets had the most significant influence on the abundance of the whole butterfly community. However, the impact of human activity factors was minimal. Light availability and herb height belonging to vegetation structure factors and nectar plant species richness and nectar abundance which belonged to vegetation composition factors showed the most important and positive effects on butterfly diversity. The positive impact of the above significant factors was found especially on herb-feeding butterfly diversity. In contrast, the diversity of butterflies feeding on woody plants was most positively influenced by herb height. We thus suggest that it is necessary to guarantee the presence of a well-developed herb layer, which provides abundant nectar sources and maintain specific open spaces to ensure light availability. In conclusion, our findings imply that the critical role of the spatial structure of vegetation community is conspicuous in the formation of suitable microhabitats for butterflies, and managers could combine vegetation management practices with the needs of specific functional groups.     

泥炭湿地碳储量核算与其影响因素分析

泥炭湿地占全球陆地表面积的2%~3%和全球湿地面积的40%~70%,却存储3.0×1017~6.0×1017g碳。以前有关泥炭湿地碳储量的研究主要偏重于土壤,尤其在北方,缺乏对植被和枯枝落叶层的综合报道。本文综述了近些年来全球泥炭地碳储量(土壤碳储量、植被碳储量和枯枝落叶层碳储量)核算的研究进展。目前,全球泥炭地碳储量的核算仍存在较大的不确定性,其主要原因是全球泥炭地碳储量核算方法的数据信息不足,缺乏植被生物量、地表凋落物、碳质量分数、深度、容重和面积等全面数据,尤其是关于全球泥炭地面积较大的地区或国家;其次,人为干扰活动也进一步增加了全球泥炭地碳储量估算的不确定性,使得碳储量估算变得更困难。我国湿地面积居亚洲第一,世界第四,然而泥炭地/湿地有机碳储量估算与其他国家比较,相差较大,数据信息不足且存在较大波动。因此,为了提高泥炭湿地碳储量的估计精度和预测陆地生态系统应对气候变化响应机制的准确性,进一步加大泥炭地碳储量研究是非常必要的。     

大豆叶片叶绿素含量与光谱的特征分析

用Unispec光谱分析仪和SPAD叶绿素仪测定了2个品种从初花期到成熟期的反射光谱和叶绿素含量.用SPAD叶绿素仪测定结果表明:每个时期均为合交98-1667的叶绿素含量高于合丰55号;用Unispec光谱分析仪测定结果显示:合丰55号大豆的光谱反射率高于合交98-1667,并且发现在可见光510 nm～610 nm处有一个叶绿素反射吸收峰,此吸收峰是大豆叶片上特有的一个特征值.数据统计分析表明:叶片叶绿素含量与光谱植被指数mSR705、mND705,和PSSRc具有极显著相关性.说明可以通过测量叶片光谱的方法来监测大豆叶片叶绿素含量.     

羊草草原植被监测方法的比较研究

在草原长期生态监测和研究过程中,观测方法的一致性和可比性是保证数据质量及其控制的关键环节,预防观测误差比纠正误差要容易得多。因此,选择什么样的取样方法,在现代标准化和网络化的监测和研究活动中至关重要。通过对两种样线法、巢式样方法和1m×1m样方法等4种方法监测羊草草原植物物种丰富度和生产力的比较研究发现,在草原植被监测,尤其是长期监测过程中,宜将物种丰富度的监测与生产力的监测分离开来。在以物种丰富度为监测目的时,样线法为宜,最小样线长度为400m;在以监测羊草草原群落地上生物量为目的时,1m×1m样方法为宜,最少样方数为10。这样既可以缩小长期固定监测样地的面积,又可以节省人力、物力和财力。     

小秦岭矿区石渣坡植被恢复与植物配置模式研究

[目的]为小秦岭矿区石渣坡的植被恢复提供依据。[方法]从2005年起,选用多种植物进行小秦岭矿区石渣坡植被恢复试验,提出科学的配置模式。[结果]小秦岭矿区石渣坡植被恢复选择的植物品种为:草本植物(高羊茅、猫尾草)、木质藤本植物(葛藤、爬山虎、五叶地锦)、灌木(珍珠梅、紫穗槐、荆条)、乔木(旱柳、山毛桃、侧柏),配置模式为:草本植物+乔木,适合海拔为500~1 500 m、小气候条件较好的矿区;草本植物+灌木,适合海拔为1 500~2 000 m的矿区;草本植物+藤本植物,适合海拔高于2 000 m、小气候条件较差的矿区。[结论]第1年种草,第2年种植乔木、灌木,科学追肥浇水,可改善小秦岭矿区石渣坡的植被情况。     

基于RS技术的石期河流域植被变化分析

通过对石期河流域19912、002年两期遥感数据进行一系列标准化处理,运用混合像元模型反演出植被覆盖度,求解出石期河流域1991~2002年的植被覆盖变化情况。结果表明,整个石期河流域植被覆盖水平呈逐步退化的趋势。1991~2002年,石期河流域植被覆盖总面积由909.259 km2减少到882.611 km2,减少了19.993 km2,占到整个流域面积的2.19%。植被覆盖地区的覆盖度水平也有明显的变动,主要体现在中等植被覆盖度(50%~80%)面积的不断缩小,低植被覆盖度(<30%)面积的扩大。