Influence of green spaces on environmental satisfaction and physiological status of urban residents

Influence of urban green spaces on human was evaluated with subjective questionnaires as well as physiological measurements. Five sample plots vary in color, size and scent of major plants and one no-vegetation area located in Shanghai Botanical Garden, China were chosen. 249 questionnaires on subjective satisfaction evaluation were collected; in addition to 64 visitors took the measurement of physiological parameters like Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Electrocardiogram (ECG). Questionnaire results show that color is one of the most important factors which affect the overall satisfaction of people with their vegetation environment. The way how people perceive vegetation environment was probed by PCA analysis. Age difference analysis show children and elder people presented higher satisfaction with vegetation environment than adults. Significant negative correlation between the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency (LF/HF) values in heart rate variability (HRV) analysis and satisfaction values indicated HRV may be an effective parameter for green spaces influence evaluation.     

Mapping vegetation functional types in urban areas with WorldView-2 imagery: Integrating object-based classification with phenology

Mapping urban vegetation is a prerequisite to accurately understanding landscape patterns and ecological services provided by urban vegetation. However, the uncertainties in fine-scale vegetation biodiversity mapping still exist in capturing vegetation functional types efficiently at fine scale. To facilitate the application of fine-scale vegetation spatial configuration used for urban landscape planning and ecosystem service valuation, we present an approach integrating object-based classification with vegetation phenology for fine-scale vegetation functional type mapping in compact city of Beijing, China. The phenological information derived from two WorldView-2 imagery scenes, acquired on 14 September 2012 and 26 November 2012, was used to aid in the classification of tree functional types and grass. Then we further compared the approach to that of using only one WorldView imagery. We found WorldView-2 imagery can be successfully applied to map functional types of urban vegetation with its high spatial resolution and relatively high spectral resolution. The application of the vegetation phenology into classification greatly improved the overall accuracy of classification from 82.3% to 91.1%. In particular, the accuracies of vegetation types was improved by from 10% to 13.26%. The approach integrating vegetation phenology with high-resolution remote sensed images provides an efficient tool to incorporate multi-temporal data into fine-scale urban classification.     

Determining landscape extent for succession and disturbance simulation modeling

Dividing regions into manageable landscape units presents special problems in landscape ecology and land management. Ideally, a landscape should be large enough to capture a broad range of vegetation, environmental and disturbance dynamics, but small enough to be useful for focused management objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal landscape size to summarize ecological processes for two large land areas in the southwestern United States. We used a vegetation and disturbance dynamics model, LANDSUMv4, to simulate a set of nine scenarios involving systematically varied topography, map resolution, and model parameterizations of fire size and fire frequency. Spatial input data were supplied by the LANDscape FIRE Management Planning System (LANDFIRE) prototype project, an effort that will provide comprehensive and scientifically credible mid-scale data to support the National Fire Plan. We analyzed output from 2,000 year simulations to determine the thresholds of landscape condition based on the variability of burned area and dominant vegetation coverage. Results show that optimal landscape extent using burned area variability is approximately 100 km² depending on topography, map resolution, and model parameterization. Variability of dominant vegetation area is generally higher and the optimal landscape sizes are larger in comparison to those features determined from burned area. Using the LANDFIRE project as a case study, we determined landscape size and map resolution for a large mapping project, and showed that optimal landscape size depends upon geographical, ecological, and management context. This paper was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and therefore is in the public domain and not subject to copyright. The use of trade or firm names in this paper is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service.     

Multi-scale study of bird species distribution and of their response to vegetation change: a Mediterranean example

Land use changes operate at different scales. They trigger a cascade of effects that simultaneously modify the composition or structure of the landscape and of the local vegetation. Mobil animals, and birds in particular, can respond quickly to such multi-scalar changes. We took advantage of a long term study on the response of songbirds to land-use changes on four Mediterranean islands in Corsica and Sardinia to explore the benefits of a multi-scale analysis of the relationships between songbird distribution, vegetation structure and landscape dynamics. Field data and aerial photographs were used to describe the vegetation at three different scales. Birds were censused by point counts. We used statistical variance decomposition to study how bird distribution and vegetation at various scales were linked. We analysed multi-scale vegetation changes (floristic composition, plot vegetation type, and landscape structure) and their consequences on bird distribution with multivariate and non-parametrical tests. The distribution of most species was linked to at least two spatial scales. The weight of a given scale was consistent with life-history traits for species whose biology was well-known. In the examples studied, vegetation composition, vegetation type and landscape changes that resulted from land abandonment negatively affected birds depending on open or heterogeneous areas. Our results emphasize that multi-scale analyses can greatly enhance our understanding of bird distribution and of their changes. Management of these populations should take into account measures at various spatial scales depending on the sensitivity of the species.     

基于GF-1数据的南京江北新区植被覆盖度遥感估算

以南京江北新区为研究区,选用GF-1 16 m分辨率的MFV4多光谱传感器数据,基于像元二分模型对研究区进行植被覆盖度遥感估算。结果表明,GF-1数据可以快速有效地反映地表植被的空间分布状况。对结果的分级统计显示,江北新区植被覆盖较高,生态环境良好,适宜打造绿色宜居区域。     

鄱阳湖双退区湿地植被恢复方案探讨

针对鄱阳湖双退区湿地的植被现状以及存在的生态环境问题,本着因地制宜、整体优化的生态修复原则,在充分满足湖泊的自然环境和水生态系统特征等要求的基础上,根据双退区植被退化原因和类型,集成了规划技术、生物技术和工程技术,在江西省都昌县开展了双退区湿地植被恢复与重建技术模式的研究与示范。在鄱阳湖双退区,保证一定经济收入的同时维护湿地合理的生态结构和功能,提出了一个可持续性的湿地生态系统恢复模式及相应的工程措施和重建方案,为今后鄱阳湖双退区乃至鄱阳湖生态修复工程提供了相应的技术参考。。     

稻瘟病遥感监测评估方法和系统开发研究

本文根据作物遭受病虫害的波谱特征,以遥感技术为监测手段,利用TM影像为监测数据源,提取水稻专题信息;利用植被指数与水稻作物覆盖度的关系,建立了稻瘟病灾害遥感监测模式和灾前、灾中植被指数的变化量;最后以辽宁省大洼县2001年稻瘟病大发生为例,用建立的模式和流程进行了病害评价.使用面向对象的计算机程序设计语言Visual C 自主开发系统,实现TM资料的处理、水稻专题信息和稻瘟病信息的提取,可比较准确地监测并计算出稻瘟病害发生区域和面积.     

残茬覆盖与耕作方式对夏玉米营养生长及籽粒产量的影响

对小麦机械收获后残茬覆盖与不覆盖 2种条件下免耕、翻耕和间隔深松 3种土壤耕作方式夏玉米的营养生长及籽粒产量进行了研究。结果表明 ,残茬覆盖和深松耕作玉米播种后出苗率高 ,次生根多 ,株高增加而基部节间缩短 ,叶面积系数提高 ,最终产量显著高于其他处理。     

特色城区景观空间格局及植被特性分析——以聊城古城为例

根据实地勘测和在地理信息系统(GIS)的支持下对聊城古城景观空间格局及其植被特性进行了分析。研究结果表明,聊城古城区主要由建筑用地、道路、绿地、水体四种景观组成单元构成。绿地总面积为85 495.181 m2,其中斑块绿地76 239.794 m2,廊道绿地9 255.387 m2,绿地斑块密度0.0002,平均绿地斑块形状指数1.8322,平均绿地斑块土壤特性指数32.14%。古城共有植物51种,其中乡土树种占总株数的92%,具有浓重的地域特色。     

宁夏AM真菌的多样性及与环境因子的关系

综述宁夏多种生态环境中AM真菌种群落多样性。通过对多种土壤因子、土壤类型、植被类型与AM真菌多样性、孢子密度以及菌根侵染率的关系比较,探讨环境因子对AM真菌多样性的影响。研究表明,宁夏不同土壤类型区域中AM真菌种类及分布在一定程度上是与植被类型、植物多样性和土壤肥力特征相对应的。