设施菜田不同施氮处理对硝酸盐迁移和积累的影响

在设施菜地条件下,研究了氮肥减施及配施抑制剂处理在黄瓜生长期对土壤NO3--N迁移累积的影响。结果表明,氮肥减施处理可显著降低土壤表层和整个土体的NO3--N含量。常规施氮量时0~40 cm土层的NO3--N含量均高于其它处理,减氮30%后0~40 cm土层未出现NO3--N显著积累现象;氮肥配施抑制剂处理不同程度降低了土壤NO3--N含量,且抑制硝态氮向下层土壤淋失,其中抑制剂组合的效果最好。氮肥配施抑制剂,可以有效控制NO3--N在土壤和植物体内的过量累积,减少硝态氮淋溶损失。     

兰州市蔬菜基地蔬菜体内Cu污染及累积效应的研究

对兰州市蔬菜基地蔬菜体内Cu含量进行分析,结果表明,同一区域土豆、西红柿、茄子、辣椒、豆角、白菜和大葱体内Cu含量之间表现出极显著差异;兰州市蔬菜基地土豆体内Cu含量显著高于其它蔬菜体内Cu含量,西红柿体内Cu含量最低。不同蔬菜基地土豆、茄子、辣椒、豆角、白菜和大葱体内Cu含量之间均表现出极显著差异,不同蔬菜基地西红柿体内Cu含量之间没有表现出差异。蔬菜体内Cu含量与土壤Cu含量呈显著正相关性。此次测定兰州市蔬菜基地土壤和蔬菜体内Cu含量,旨在为无公害蔬菜基地建设和重金属元素污染控制提供指导依据。     

蔬菜与肥料中养分摩尔数比与作物生长及氮素利用的关系

生态化学计量学是研究生物系统能量平衡和多重化学元素(主要是碳、氮、磷、钾)平衡的科学。目前生态化学计量学的研究主要集中在水生生态系统和湿地生态系统,对陆地生态系统的研究相对较少。在我国,有关生态化学计量学的研究     

温室土壤食物网静态和动态结构特征

Soil food web structure is fundamental to ecosystem process and function; most studies on soil food web structure have focused on agro-ecosystems under different management practices and natural terrestrial ecosystems, but seldom on greenhouses. This study explored the static and temporal variability of soil food structure in two greenhouses of Shandong Province, North China over a two-year period. The static properties were measured directly by surveying functional group composition and a series of parameters portraying the species properties, link properties, chain properties and omnivory properties of the web, as well as indirectly through calculation of nematode indices, enrichment index （EI）, structure index （SI）, and channel index （CI）. The dynamic variability of greenhouse soil food structure was described by the dynamics of functional groups, Bray-Curtis （BC） similarity and cluster analysis. The results showed that the greenhouse soil food web contained 14 functional groups, with microbes having the highest mean biomass, followed by protozoa. Of the three functional groups of protozoa, flagellates were the dominant group on most sampling dates, amoebae only became the dominant group during the summer, while ciliates were the least prevalent group. All nematodes were assigned into one of the four functional groups, bacterivorous, fungivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous, and the fungivorous nematodes had the lowest mean biomass. Mites were assigned into three functional groups and the omnivorous noncryptostigmatic mites were the dominant group. All the functional groups showed significant seasonal changes. The soil food web connectance was 0.15, the maximum food chain length was 5, and the average food chain length was 3.6. The profiles of the EI and SI showed that the food web was resource- depleted with minimal structure. The results of CI indicated that the bacterial decomposition pathway was the dominant pathway in the food web of the greenhouse soils studied and the results of BC similarity showed that the soil food web had higher variability and instability over time. The cluster analysis showed that the functional groups located at high trophic levels with low biomass were in a cluster, whereas those at low trophic levels with high biomass were closer. Compared with the food web structure of agroecosystem and natural terrestrial ecosystem soils, the structure of greenhouse soil food web was simple and unstable, which was likely driven by high agricultural intensification, particularly over application of fertilizers.     

菜地氮肥用量与N2O排放的关系及硝化抑制剂效果

通过连续种植四季蔬菜近一年的大田试验,探究高施氮水平和低氮肥利用率的蔬菜生产系统中,N2O排放量与氮肥施用量之间的定量关系及其机理,并研究硝化抑制剂减少菜地N2O排放的效果.结果表明,在氮肥施用水平为N 0～1 733 kg hm-2a-1间,无论氮肥中是否添加硝化抑制剂,N2O总排放量与氮肥施用量均呈指数函数关系,即氮肥施用量高时,N2O排放率也高.在各氮肥水平处理下,硝化抑制剂均能降低N2O排放,抑制率为8.75％ ～ 25.28％,且这种减排效果随着施氮量增加而增加.在氮肥施用量为N 300或400 kg hm-2季-1时,施用硝化抑制剂减少N2O排放所带来的效益略高于其成本,因此,即使不考虑氮肥利用率的提高等因素,施用硝化抑制剂仍是一种有利的选择.     

低温物流过程中果蔬贮藏期预测模型与预测器

基于能量守恒原理,推导了基于0℃贮运条件下剩余贮藏期的计算式.结合现有的实验数据,在0～20℃范围内,得出了8种蔬菜贮藏期与贮藏温度之间的关系式和在0℃贮运条件下的贮藏期预测方程.经过芹菜在0、2、4、6和8℃的储藏实验证明,理论推导出的贮藏期与实验所得贮藏期相差时间不超过2d.并综合信息无线发送技术,开发了具有库存管理功能的果蔬贮藏期预测器,实际运用结果表明,预测结果具有较高的精度.     

菜地土壤磷素淋失及其影响因素

以菜地为供试土壤,研究了0~100 cm菜地土壤Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P的空间分布状况及其相关关系。结果表明,0~20 cm菜地Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P含量分别为:123.8~399.6 mg/kg、9.1~27.2 mg/kg、184.9~608.9mg/kg。土壤Olsen-P、CaCl2-P、NaOH-P主要积累在0~20 cm土层,随着土壤深度的增加土壤磷的积累量逐渐降低;土壤Olsen-P与CaCl2-P、NaOH-P呈显著正相关关系。土壤Olsen-P含量高于55.6~63.0 mg/kg时,土壤CaCl2-P显著增加,此时的Olsen-P含量为土壤磷渗漏淋失显著增加的“突变点”。     

温室黄瓜根结线虫病非化学防治技术研究初报

采用大田与室内相结合的方法,研究了高温闷棚、低温冷冻、轮作倒茬、淹水等不同绿色防治技术措施对温室黄瓜根结线虫病的防治效果。结果表明低温冷冻法对温室黄瓜根结线虫病具有显著的防治效果,适宜在冬季温度低于-15℃,且持续20d以上的地区推广应用。黄瓜与棉花、大葱和大蒜轮作切断根结线虫的食物链,减轻根结线虫的危害。淹水法虽然对根结线虫病有较好的防治效果,但在缺水和保水性能比较差的垆土和黄绵土的北方地区推广应用受到很大限制。高温闷棚法对根结线虫病的防治效果最好,高温闷棚8d对根结线虫病的防治效果达到100％,闷棚后第3年防治效果仍高达96．2％。完全能替代化学药剂防治,可操作性强,成本低,协调了根结线虫病的防治与温室绿色食品黄瓜生产的矛盾。     

光环境调控及LED在蔬菜设施栽培中的应用和前景

综述了近年来光环境调控及发光二极管（LED）在蔬菜设施栽培中的研究与应用,主要内容包括：我国蔬菜设施栽培中光环境现状及问题,光环境调控在蔬菜设施栽培中的应用研究进展,LED在蔬菜设施栽培中的应用前景分析。     

渗灌节水技术在保护地蔬菜栽培中的应用研究

结合保护地渗灌栽培试验,介绍了渗灌节水技术在保护地蔬菜栽培中的优势和应用现状,提出了渗灌技术在保护地应用过程中存在的问题,并提出了解决当前存在的主要问题及建议.