我国保护地蔬菜害虫生物防治研究进展

当前保护地蔬菜害虫为害日益严重,鉴于化学农药防治易造成污染,生物防治必将成为保护地蔬菜害虫防治的优选。对常见的生物防治技术和方法,包括天敌昆虫、昆虫病原微生物、昆虫信息素、杀虫抗生素、植物源农药及新兴生物技术在害虫生物防治中的应用作一简要概述,为保护地蔬菜安全生产提供技术指导。     

Estimating the component of soil respiration not dependent on living plant roots: Comparison of the indirect y-intercept regression approach and direct bare plot approach

Distinguishing between root and non-root derived CO₂ efflux is important when determining rates of soil organic matter turnover, however, in practice they remain difficult to separate. Our aim was to evaluate two methods for determining the component of below-ground respiration not dependent on plant roots (i.e., basal soil respiration; R_b). The first approach estimated R_b indirectly from the y-intercept of linear regressions between below-ground respiration (BGR) and root biomass. The second approach involved direct measurements of soil respiration from bare plots. To compare the contrasting approaches, BGR and crop biomass measurements were collected throughout the year in a range of agricultural systems. We found that both methods were very closely correlated with each other. Values of R_b determined by the intercept approach, however, were slightly higher than those determined by measurement of bare plots. Both approaches showed a seasonal trend with estimates of R_b lowest in winter months at 0.02 t C ha⁻¹ month⁻¹ for the y-intercept approach and 0.11 t C ha⁻¹ month⁻¹ for the bare plots approach, even after the data had been corrected for the influence of soil temperature. Highest rates of R_b occurred from the height to the end of the crop growing season (0.8-1.5 t C ha⁻¹ month⁻¹). The annual CO₂ efflux due to R_b was estimated to be 8.1 t C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ from the y-intercept approach and 6.8 t C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ from bare plots. Annual BGR was 12.1 t C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. We conclude that both methods provide similar estimates of R_b, however, logistically the bare plots approach is much easier to undertake than the y-intercept approach.     

蜗牛对蔬菜和玉米的危害与趋向性研究

以番茄、瓠瓜、大白菜、花椰菜、辣椒、茄子、长豇豆、大蒜、芹菜和玉米为试材，研究了
蜗牛对蔬菜和玉米的危害与趋向性。结果表明：蜗牛能啮食大白菜、花椰菜、瓠瓜、辣椒、茄子、玉米苗、
芹菜等7 种作物，在移栽后1 d 即能取食，且有正趋性；番茄、长豇豆和大蒜上未发现蜗牛取食迹象，并
有负趋性。蜗牛最喜欢啮食大白菜，趋性最强；其次是花椰菜；大蒜对蜗牛的负趋性最大。     

山东寿光蔬菜对土壤中重金属富集的溯源规律及选择性种植

对山东寿光蔬菜基地土壤及蔬菜中的重金属含量进行了检测分析,研究了蔬菜中重金属富集的可溯源性。结果表明,几种主要重金属在土壤中和蔬菜中含量的高低顺序基本一致。据此提出了蔬菜的选择性种植方法,即在查明区域土壤重金属含量的情况下,按照蔬菜对重金属富集的差异性来选择要种植的蔬菜种类。     

吐鲁番市日光温室蔬菜不同种植模式水分利用效率调查

为明确吐鲁番市设施蔬菜水分高效利用的合理灌溉方式，调查了沟灌和滴灌对吐鲁番市日光温室早春茬哈密瓜、黄瓜、辣椒和番茄产量、效益和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：在吐鲁番市，滴灌哈密瓜每667 m² 产量比沟灌高100 kg，每667 m²纯收入多1 017.6 元；滴灌黄瓜、辣椒和番茄每667 m²产量和经济效益均稍低于沟灌；但滴灌哈密瓜、黄瓜、辣椒和番茄的水分利用效率和水分经济利用效率比沟灌高1～3 倍。综合考虑，滴灌是吐鲁番市日光温室蔬菜生产中应重点推广的灌溉方式。     

Excessive application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers induces soil acidification and phosphorus enrichment during vegetable production in Yangtze River Delta,China

Intensive vegetable cultivation has developed very rapidly in China, and investigation of current soil nutrient problems in vegetable fields and their potential environmental risk is important for local soil nutrient management strategies. Three hundred and sixty‐six soil samples were collected from greenhouse vegetable fields, open vegetable fields and rice/wheat rotation fields in southern Jiangsu Province, the most intensive vegetable‐producing areas in Yangtze River Delta, China, for the analysis of their soil fertility status. Soil acidification and P enrichment were the main problems identified in this area of vegetable production, with about 20 and 17% of the open and greenhouse vegetable field soils, respectively, being extremely acid with soil pH values below 5.0. In contrast, no soils under rice/wheat rotation fields were as acidic. Percentages of sites with Olsen‐P concentrations < 90 mg/kg were 61, 85 and 0% for soils growing greenhouse vegetable, field vegetable and rice/wheat, respectively. The nitrogen (N) surplus for vegetable fields exceeded 170 kg/ha/crop, and the phosphorus (P) surplus exceeded 40 kg/ha/crop. Thus, current vegetable production leads to potential environmental risks of N and P pollution of nearby aquatic bodies. Insufficient supplementation with potassium fertilizers was found in some vegetable fields. Several ameliorative measures are proposed.     

我国无土栽培研究新技术新成果及发展动向

综述了“七五”至“八五”期间无土栽培的主要研究成果，基质培，水培的技术交流，着重介绍了浮板毛管水培，有机生态型基质培，高档蔬菜反季节土栽培技术和基础理论研究等重大成果，并探讨了该项技术今后的生产科技发展新动向。     

京山县蔬菜产业发展现状、问题与对策

对近年来京山县蔬菜（包括食用菌）产业发展现状进行了阐述,指出了京山县蔬菜产业发展过程中存在的困难和问题,包括资金投入不足、栽培技术不高、基地规模不大、产业化程度不高等,并提出了今后京山县蔬菜产业化发展相应的措施和对策。     

基于 ARMA 模型的我国蔬菜价格预测--以大白菜、黄瓜和番茄为例

以2002-2014年农产品集贸市场价格为样本数据,利用 Eviews 8.0软件,建立了基于时间序列分析的 AR-MA 模型,对大白菜、黄瓜和番茄的价格进行了分析预测。结果表明,我国蔬菜价格未来2 a 将呈上涨趋势,且具有季节性波动的特征,其中季节因素是影响蔬菜价格波动的最主要因素。     

油菜素内酯提高蔬菜作物抗逆性的研究进展

油菜素内酯化合物(Brassinosteroids,BRs)是国际上公认的一类高效、广谱、无毒的新型植物甾醇类生长激素。近年来研究发现,BRs的使用可显著提高植物对生物和非生物逆境的抗性,从而促进植物生长发育,大幅度提高作物产量。本文综述了BRs的类型、应用方式以及在提高蔬菜抵抗干旱、低氧、温度、盐离子、病害、重金属等环境胁迫方面的研究成果,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。