Effect of Conditioning Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate (ZnSHH) with Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Neem Oil on Growth,Productivity, Zinc Biofortification of Grain and Zinc Uptake by Basmati Rice

Commercial grade zinc (Zn) sulfate hepta hydrate (ZnSHH) is the most widely used source of Zn in India and several other countries for amelioration of Zn deficiency in crops. However, it releases water of hydration at temperature above 30°C and forms lumps on storage, which make it difficult to handle it and apply in fields. Therefore, conditioning of ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil reduces the release of water of hydration and prevents lumps formation and can be well stored. Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India during rice growing seasons (July-November) of 2009 and 2010 to study the effect of conditioning ZnSHH with ZnO and neem oil on growth, productivity and Zn fortification of rice (Oryza sativa) grain and uptake by Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with 3 replications comprised of 9 treatments of Zn fertilization. The present study shows that when conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil ZnSHH improved yield attributes, grain and straw yields, Zn uptake and partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE), recovery efficiency (RE), and physiological efficiency (PE) of Zn in Basmati rice ‘Pusa 1121’. In general, ZnO was inferior to ZnSHH. Application of ZnSHH conditioned with 2% ZnO and 4% neem oil can be a better source of Zn for transplanted puddled Basmati rice on Zn deficient soils.     

基于STM32温室环境测控系统的研究

在传统温室自动化监控系统的基础上,针对目前温室大棚面积不断增大、温室内传感器种类及数量不断增多,且不易连栋管理的现状,设计了基于ARM CORTEX-M3核的以STM32单片机为核心的智能温室控制系统。系统采用CAN总线技术对连栋大棚的主要环境因子,如温度、湿度及光照度等进行智能控制,通过串行通信实现上位机控制,增强了温室大棚的智能化和实用性。     

黄土丘陵区退耕地植被景观时空变异特征

对黄土丘陵区退耕地植被特征的时空变异性进行了研究.结果表明,不同植被类型区植被特征之间差异不是很显著,仅延安与安塞在物种丰富度之间和安塞与吴旗在物种多样性之间存在较显著的差异(0.01＜p＜0.05),其它的两两之间的差异并不明显.延安森林带北缘→安塞森林草原带植被指数呈下降趋势,降幅最大为17.65%,变异系数呈增大趋势,增幅最大为21.49%;安塞森林草原带→吴旗草原带物种丰富度指数及其变异系数都呈增大趋势,而物种多样性和均匀度指数呈减小趋势,其变异系数呈增大趋势.植被指数随退耕年限的变化趋势图都有两个明显的峰值,并在退耕20年左右后植被群落逐渐稳定.     

Efficiency and energy use in puddling of lowland rice grown on Vertisols in Central India

Transplanting of rice seedling in puddled soil is one of the most widely used cultivation practices. The present research is aimed at determining what specific implements are needed to obtain optimal puddle bed for transplantating. Puddling experiments were carried out by the use of pair of bullocks with traditional country plough (T₁), pair of bullocks with lug wheel puddler (T₂), power tiller with rotary puddler (T₃), tractor with cage wheel and 9-tine cultivator (T₄) and tractor with cage wheel and rotavator (T₅). One summer ploughing was done at friable moisture condition (18.6% db) and then tilled soil was flooded to saturation (24 h) for preparation of puddled bed. Weeding efficiency, puddling depth, percentage increase in bulk density, puddling index, percolation rate and grain yield of paddy were studied for the above treatments. Puddling performance by different implements in comparison to the traditional animal drawn country plough (T₁) shows that there is a definite reduction in time requirement for field preparation. Increase in weeding efficiency, bulk density, grain yield and puddling index were also observed. The highest values of weeding efficiency and puddling index were found 98.6% and 79.3, respectively, for rotavator (T₅). The total time requirement for preparation of puddle field for treatment T₄ (tractor with cultivator) was found to be the lowest (9.4 h ha⁻¹) with 67% weeding efficiency and 62.7 puddling index as compared to all other alternatives tested. Energy requirement for preparation of puddle field was found highest (2390 MJ ha⁻¹) for rotavator (T₅) followed by T₃, T₄, T₁, and T₂ treatments.     

Empirical analysis and prediction of nitrate loading and crop yield for corn-soybean rotations

Nitrate nitrogen losses through subsurface drainage and crop yield are determined by multiple climatic and management variables. The combined and interactive effects of these variables, however, are poorly understood. Our objective is to predict crop yield, nitrate concentration, drainage volume, and nitrate loss in subsurface drainage from a corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation as a function of rainfall amount, soybean yield for the year before the corn-soybean sequence being evaluated, N source, N rate, and timing of N application in northeastern Iowa, U.S.A. Ten years of data (1994-2003) from a long-term study near Nashua, Iowa were used to develop multivariate polynomial regression equations describing these variables. The regression equations described over 87, 85, 94, 76, and 95% of variation in soybean yield, corn yield, subsurface drainage, nitrate concentration, and nitrate loss in subsurface drainage, respectively. A two-year rotation under average soil, average climatic conditions, and 125 kg N/ha application was predicted to loose 29, 37, 36, and 30 kg N/ha in subsurface drainage for early-spring swine manure, fall-applied swine manure, early-spring UAN fertilizer, and late-spring split UAN fertilizer (urea ammonium nitrate), respectively. Predicted corn yields were 10.0 and 9.7 Mg/ha for the swine manure and UAN sources applied at 125 kg N/ha. Timing of application (i.e., fall or spring) did not significantly affect corn yield. These results confirm other research suggesting that manure application can result in less nitrate leaching than UAN (e.g., 29 vs. 36 kg N/ha), and that spring application reduces nitrate leaching compared to fall application (e.g., 29 vs. 37 kg N/ha). The regression equations improve our understanding of nitrate leaching; offer a simple method to quantify potential N losses from Midwestern corn-soybean rotations under the climate, soil, and management conditions of the Nashua field experiment; and are a step toward development of easy to use N management tools.     

上海市区公园表层土壤铅含量及其污染评价

通过对上海市区44个公园土壤中Pb含量的调查,发现表层土壤中Pb的平均含量为55．06 mg/kg, 变幅为26．39-174．35 mg/kg,为上海市土壤环境背景值的1．04-6．85倍。运用地积累指数法对公园表层土壤Pb 污染进行评价,结果表明:超过半数的公园为轻度污染至中等污染,近1/3的公园无污染, 6个公园达到中等污染和中等污染至强污染水平。通过对土壤Pb含量的空间分布分析发现,上海市区公园土壤中Pb主要来源于交通和工业污染,土壤Pb含量与公园建成时间无显著性相关。     

基于SPEI的宁夏沿黄城市带干旱特征及驱动性分析

宁夏沿黄城市带气候变化敏感,生态环境脆弱,探究区域干旱驱动机制,对进一步研究黄河流域高质量发展,优化区域农业水资源管理具有重要意义。利用研究区1995—2015年的气象资料,采用彭曼蒙特斯模型(P-M模型)和标准降雨蒸散指数(SPEI)获得区域潜在蒸散发量和干旱指数,通过Mann-Kendall突变检测法、滑动t检验和Pettitt突变检验,分析了研究区干旱时间变化周期,利用冗余分析法定量分析宁夏沿黄城市带干旱驱动因素。结果表明：(1)研究区在季节尺度上,单季旱发生频繁,以春季和秋季发生为主,自北向南整体呈现由高到底的趋势,且主要发生在北部地区,整体以0.013/10 a速率呈湿润化趋势;(2)在年尺度上干旱的下降趋势具有全域性,自北向南呈现由高到底的趋势;(3)宁夏沿黄城市带SPEI-12值在研究时段呈现逐年下降的趋势,通过3种突变检测函数,确定2008年出现异常值,这与降水分布一致;(4)各环境因子对SPEI指数的解释率均在75%以上,降水量、温度、地表净辐射是驱动SPEI值主要环境因子。其中,降水量对SPEI的贡献率最高,呈显著正相关关系。     

北京市主要行道树白蜡生长因子的模型研究

为了构建胸径生长估测模型,以便快速掌握行道树的生长状况,提高行道树调查效率。笔者采用随机抽样的方法,收集了北京城区主要行道树白蜡的胸径、树高、枝下高、冠幅、叶面积等生长指标,根据胸径等级进行分类,利用5种单因素变量模型构建胸径与多项生长指标的估测模型。结果表明,北京市中径级的行道树白蜡分布最为广泛,占总数的63%以上;白蜡胸径与树高的相关性最高,其余依次为冠幅、叶面积、枝下高,其指数估测模型H=98.2399-28.0859D+2.8115D²-0.0743D³,相关系数达0.9967,系统误差为0.3299%,相对其他模型效果更优;而白蜡胸径与多生长因素的估测首选模型为：D=0.5595H²-9.6656H+2.0172h²-9.2454h-1.0413W²+12.4859W-0.0188S²+1.4996S+6.2011,其均方根误差只有1.0242,而精度高达95.61%。本研究建立的白蜡胸径生长估测模型具有良好的效果,适用于各年龄段的行道树白蜡调查,为北京市行道树白蜡的生长状况、景观质量和生态效益的监测提供快速调查与数据更新理论模型。     

水稻开花期抗旱性鉴定指标的筛选

水稻抗旱性鉴定指标的筛选已成为水稻抗旱性研究课题的热点之一。本文利用10个水、旱稻品种（组合）,在开花期水分胁迫条件下,测定了剑叶叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖含量,叶片相对含水量,株高,叶面积及光合速率等10项与抗旱性有关的形态和生理指标,进行了主成分分析和逐步回归分析。结果表明,水稻开花期叶片脯氨酸含量、叶片相对含水量、气孔导度、叶面积等4项指标对水稻的抗旱性有显著影响,可作为水稻开花期抗旱性鉴定指标。利用所建立的最优回归方程对供试品种（组合）进行了抗旱性预测,结果与它们在田间表现基本一致, 表明用这4个指标在开花期对水稻抗旱性进行鉴定是可行的。     

低血糖指数豆乳粉的研制及其血糖指数测定

以新鲜牛乳、无糖豆粉、大豆浓缩蛋白粉和低聚糖为主要原料,研究开发低血糖指数豆乳粉,确定其生产工艺及产品配方,临床测定其血糖指数。试验结果表明,研制开发的低血糖指数豆乳粉的感官指标、理化指标以及卫生指标均符合国家相关标准,经临床验证,血糖指数仅为47.1,属于低血糖指数食品。