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101.
Abstract – We investigated how Arctic charr young respond behaviourally to olfactory cues from skin-damaged conspecifics, charr-fed pikeperch, and the combination of food-deprived pikeperch and skin-damaged conspecific cues in a two-channel Y-maze fluviarium test arena. Significant antipredator responses were found to skin-damaged conspecifics in three behavioural traits, to charr-fed pikeperch in two traits and to the combination of pikeperch and skin-damaged conspecific cues in all six behaviours investigated. The combination of predator and conspecific cues significantly increased spatial avoidance and cautiousness to approach the source of scent compared with odours from charr-fed predators. The results suggest that damage-released alarm cues exist in charr, and they strengthen the antipredator responses in conspecifics. As the charr used different behaviours and levels of response in the presence of different cues, they seem to have sophisticated skills to distinguish between different odour combinations and be able to adjust their behaviour according to the current predation risk level. 相似文献
102.
Abstract Fecundity is an integral component of the calculation of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., egg depositions in rivers. Fecundity determinations can be time consuming and prohibitively expensive in terms of application on a broad scale. Consequently, where river specific and annual data are not available, default means are used in calculations in Newfoundland and Labrador. It is important therefore to know the extent of variability among rivers, years and seasons and the potential error involved in using default values. Annual fecundity data were available for one river in Labrador and nine rivers in Newfoundland. Fecundity was determined from ovaries collected in the recreational fishery in the summer for all 10 rivers. For three of these rivers, fecundity determined from summer sampling was compared with that obtained from sampling at time of spawning in autumn. There was significant variability in fecundity with length as a covariate among rivers, years and seasons. Mean number of eggs per female decreased between 8.3% and 29.0% from summer to autumn while mean number of eggs per cm decreased from 5.0% to 28.5%. Depending on the measure of relative fecundity used (no. of eggs kg−1 or no. of eggs cm−1 ), results of simulations showed that estimates of egg deposition incorporating defaults can deviate from those obtained by applying year-specific and river-specific values by 50–75%, without adjusting for the seasonal reduction in fecundity, and by 30–50% with an adjustment. A sensitivity analysis revealed that of three parameters used in the calculation of egg deposition (size, percent female and fecundity), fecundity was the most influential. 相似文献
103.
安全系数是管道完整性评价方法的重要参数之一,传统评价方法仅考虑了管道所处地区等级对其影响,未能全面评价管道的真实安全状态。提取管道相关风险因素,比较各因素间相对重要程度并建立表征不同风险状态的分值体系,根据所得风险分值对安全系数进行修正,使得修正后的安全系数能够反映含缺陷管段实际风险状态;结合径向基网络方法的自学习特点,将各风险因素作为输入,修正后的安全系数作为输出,建立基于径向基网络的管道安全系数计算模型。由模型训练得出的修正安全系数与测试样本吻合度较好,验证了模型的准确性。结果表明:修正安全系数在考虑地区等级的基础上同时引入了其他重要风险因素的影响,为管道完整性评价中的安全系数取值提供了新的思路。 相似文献
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105.
Probabilistic risk assessment of agrochemicals in the environment 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Concern for the environment has resulted in greater scrutiny of both old and new plant protection products and increased efforts have been directed to developing more rigorous but more realistic procedures for the ecotoxicological risk characterization of these agrochemicals. These techniques include probabilistic analysis of toxicity and exposure data and better understanding of the relationship between structure and function in populations of wildlife and the role of keystone species in maintaining ecosystem functioning. The ecological risk assessment method described here is centered on the use of probabilistic distribution functions that independently describe exposure concentrations and toxicological responses of organisms to the chemical of concern. The distributions are transformed to permit calculation of linear regression parameters. The regression parameters for the two distributions are then used to determine joint probabilities which interrelate the exposure and toxicology data. For ease of presentation the results are presented as an exceedence plot which depicts, based on the exposure data the percent of species likely to be affected and the percent of observations likely to cause this level of effect. In this paper, the use of the method is illustrated using data for chlorpyrifos in North American aquatic environments. These probabilistic risk assessment methods are being assessed for incorporation into assessment procedures in a number of regulatory jurisdictions. 相似文献
106.
对区域耕地质量进行评价,是农业发展所必须的基础性工作,对区域种植业合理布局及耕地土壤可持续利用具有重要意义。本研究在构建包含立地条件、土壤理化性状和土壤养分状况在内的3个子目标、10个指标的耕地地力评价指标体系基础上,采用模糊数学理论确定指标隶属度,结合层次分析法进行加权求和,对陵水黎族自治县各乡镇进行耕地地力综合评价。研究表明,陵水县耕地地力为中等水平,且各乡镇耕地地力分布不均,其中以椰林镇和英州镇最高,黎安镇和群英乡最低;降雨特征和地形因素是耕地地力在研究区内空间分布不均的主要成因。 相似文献
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109.
综合干旱类型,从致灾因子的危险性、敏感性、易损性及防灾减灾能力4个指标出发,分析气候变化背景下的山东省济南市长清区干旱灾害风险变化。结果表明,长清区干旱危险性分布特征总体表现为由西北向东南递减的趋势;干旱灾害孕灾体敏感性总体呈现出由西南向东北递减的趋势;干旱灾害易损性分布基本以行政区为单位,高易损性分布在除平安街道办事处外的西部地区;干旱灾害的防灾减灾能力总体呈现东北高、西南低的分布特征;干旱综合风险性呈现西南高、东北低的分布规律。 相似文献
110.