Quality of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) Jam

ABSTRACT

Jam from wild bilberries and from the blueberry culti vars ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Berkeley’ were analyzed by means of sensory profiling and by instrumental measurement of anthocyanins, color, pH and soluble solids. The study shows that bilberry jam has more “bluish black color,” compared to a more “reddish-blue color” and “glossy” surface of the jam from cultivated blueberries. Bilberry jam was less “smooth” and higher in “viscosity” and “berry density” as well as less distinct in “flavor of flowers and fruits,” while the “blueberry flavor and odor” were more distinct in the bilberry jam than that made of highbush blueberries. Analysis of color by means of sensory hue and instrumental a Hunter lab corresponded well, as did saturation measured by the sensory method and chroma instrumentally measured.     

Instrumental and sensory quality characteristics of blueberry fruit from twelve cultivars

We compared the instrumental and sensory quality characteristics of blueberry fruit from ten highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars, Chanticleer, Weymouth, Hannah's Choice, Duke, Bluecrop, Coville, Berkeley, Bluegold, Elliott and Lateblue and two rabbiteye (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton) cultivars, Coastal and Montgomery, grown in New Jersey. Cultivars varied in sensory intensity and acceptability scores. Highbush cultivars, Coville and Hannah's Choice, scored highest among the cultivars in sensory scores for intensity of blue color, juiciness, sweetness and blueberry-like flavor and for acceptability of appearance, color, fruit size, sweet/tart balance, flavor and overall eating quality. In contrast, rabbiteye cultivars, Coastal and Montgomery, and the highbush cultivars, Elliott and Weymouth, scored lowest among the cultivars in sensory scores for intensity of bursting energy, skin toughness, texture during chewing, juiciness, and blueberry-like flavor and for acceptability of appearance, color, fruit size, flavor and overall eating quality. Analytical quality characteristics of surface color, size, compression firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), pH, titratable acidity (TA), SSC/TA ratio, and aromatic volatile concentration also varied among cultivars, but no instrumental measurement adequately predicted consumer acceptability scores. The overall eating quality of blueberry fruit was best correlated with flavor scores followed by sensory scores for intensity of juiciness, bursting energy and sweetness and for acceptability of appearance.     

Cultural Variation and Mycorrhizal Status of Blueberry Plants in NW Oregon Commercial Production Fields

ABSTRACT

Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) form symbiotic relationships with roots of blueberry plants providing increased access to nutrients from fertilizers and soil. In August of 2001, we sampled 55 fields in Oregon to assess the mycorrhizal status of blueberry plants under production conditions and to determine whether any relationships exist between field characteristics, root distribution, soil characteristics and level of colonization by mycorrhizal fungi. Variation in measured soil characteristics, root type, root distribution and mycorrhizal colonization occurred with cultivar, field age, bed type, rate of nitrogen fertilization, irrigation type, and mulch. Root biomass was lower in the upper 15 cm of soil compared to 15-30 cm depth. Distribution of roots between the two sampled depths varied significantly with field age, nitrogen fertilization rate, and the time of 50% harvest for the different cultivars sampled. Root length was generally greatest in the upper 15 cm of the soil than at the 15-30 cm depth. Root colonization by ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) ranged from 0.5 to 44% of total root length with higher colonization generally occurring in the upper 15 cm of the soil where the majority of smaller, finer roots were found. Colonization generally increased with increasing plant age. In young plants the highest levels of colonization were found in roots from the upper 15 cm of soil while in older plants the highest levels of colonization were found in roots at the 15-30 cm depth. Colonization of roots by EMF in the upper 15 cm of the soil tended to decrease with increasing N fertilization rate, while root colonization at the 15-30 cm depth was unaffected by rate of N fertilization. Roots on cultivars that fruited early in the season tended to have higher levels of colonization than cultivars that fruited later in the growing season. Root biomass and root length were negatively correlated with soil pH and available Ca in soil, while root colonization by EMF was negatively correlated with ammonium levels in the soil. Differences in soil characteristics, root type and distribution, and mycorrhizal colonization found in this study need to be investigated in terms of production efficiency of blueberry in Oregon.     

伊春市蓝莓产业发展的思考与建议

蓝莓是具有较高经济价值和广阔开发前景的新兴果树树种,发展蓝莓产业是富民兴市的好项目。对伊春市蓝莓产业的发展现状进行了分析,提出了今后一个时期发展蓝莓产业的建议。     

兔眼越桔引种浙江的生物学特性初步研究

通过对兔眼越桔杰兔、顶峰、灿烂、圆蓝和粉蓝等 5个品种的生长、开花、坐果、果实生长发育等生物学和生长特性进行引种试验观察,评价品种其适应性及用途.结果表明:兔眼越桔具有良好的观赏价值,果树栽培的特性各品种间有差异,5个品种均适合作为绿化观赏树种栽培,而果树栽培则选择灿烂、顶峰较适宜.     

Use of Plant Growth Regulators in Blueberry Production in the Southeastern U.S.

Abstract

Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) production has expanded rapidly in the Southeastern U.S. over the past two decades, and various production problems have been encountered. These problems include poor pollination, low fruit set, freeze damage, variable yields, and small fruit size among others. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) have been utilized to overcome some production problems with some degree of success. This paper reviews findings of research that has been conducted over the past few years with PGRs and blueberries in the Southeast.     

Propagation of Vaccinium in Vitro

Abstract

Micropropagation techniques are important for clonal multiplication, germplasm improvement, and gene conservation of three commercially cultivated and medicinally important Vaccinium species: cranberries, blueberries, and lingonberries. The in vitro propagation of Vaccinium species using axillary bud proliferation and adventitious shoot regeneration has been investigated in a number of previous studies. The morphogenesis seems to be highly dependent on plant growth regulators and media used for culture, which is again genotype specific. This review presents the progress in-depth of various aspects of Vaccinium propagation in vitro for its commercial production. It also discusses the issues that still need to be addressed to utilize the full potential of plant tissue culture techniques in mass propagation of Vaccinium species.     

樟叶越桔悬浮培养细胞次生代谢产物的LC−MS分析

采用LC−MS联用技术,对樟叶越桔悬浮培养细胞的次生代谢产物进行分析鉴定;应用面积归一法计算出各代谢物的相对含量。结果表明：鉴定出208种化合物,包括酚酸类79个、黄酮类70个、萜类15个、原花青素类12个、苯丙素类12个、生物碱类11个和其他类衍生物9个,相对含量分别为33.244%、23.167%、19.786%、15.138%、1.401%、2.200%和5.064%。酚酸类化合物中包含酚苷34个和其他酚酸衍生物45个,相对含量分别为22.072%和11.172%,黄酮类化合物中包含黄酮苷类58个和其他黄酮类衍生物12个,相对含量分别为13.765%和9.402%。值得注意的是,相对含量大于1%的化合物共有26个,相对含量总和为72.180%,为樟叶越桔悬浮培养细胞的主要代谢产物。其中,含量最高的化合物为原花青素A2（8.655%）,其次为儿茶素（8.030%）、马斯里酸（7.503%）、2–羟基齐墩果酸（7.318%）和樟叶越桔苷B（3.705%）。研究结果将为进一步阐明樟叶越桔中咖啡酰熊果苷类物质的高产机制提供科学依据。     

云南2种主要灌丛土壤有机碳分布特征及其影响因子研究

以云南省的优势灌丛土壤为研究对象,利用优势灌丛余甘子灌丛和南烛、矮杨梅灌丛共计31个样点进行采样,分析云南省优势灌丛土壤有机碳含量特征及其影响因素。结果表明：余甘子灌丛土壤有机碳含量空间分布自东南向西北减少,南烛、矮杨梅灌丛土壤有机含量自中部向四周逐渐减少;余甘子灌丛土壤有机碳含量均值为0.32~0.96 g/kg,南烛、矮杨梅灌丛土壤有机碳含量均值为0.71~0.85 g/kg,余甘子灌丛各土层有机碳含量差异显著,有机碳含量由表层向下递减,南烛、矮杨梅灌丛各土层有机碳含量差异不显著;余甘子灌丛土壤机碳含量与海拔和凋落物生物量呈负相关,与灌丛盖度和有机氮含量呈正相关,海拔为主要影响因素;南烛、矮杨梅灌丛土壤有机碳含量和海拔呈负相关,与凋落物生物量,灌木层盖度,有机氮含量呈正相关,凋落物生物量是主要影响因素。