网购食用菌食品质量安全供应链控制措施

近年来,我国食用菌产业发展迅速,由于食用菌的低盐、低脂、低糖、高蛋白等特性,成为新的健康食品。随着电子商务的发展,网购食品成为人们网络购物的重要内容之一,网购食用菌是促进食用菌产业发展的重要途径,人们逐渐更加关注网购食用菌食品质量安全问题。从供应链的角度,采用改进风险矩阵法,探索网购食用菌食品质量安全的关键控制点,探讨保证网购食用菌食品质量安全的控制措施。     

食用菌工厂化栽培中病虫害防控措施浅析

在食用菌工厂化栽培中,病虫害防控措施包括环境控制和栽培管理两方面。通过分析食用菌工厂化栽培环境特点,提出病虫害防控原则,并且从病虫害来源、传播途径、传染源消除、食用菌生长保护等方面阐述了具体的防控方法,以期为病虫害防控提供参考。     

循环经济下食用菌农村外向型经济效益评估与分析

为了对循环经济下食用菌农村外向型经济效益进行评估与分析,在不同地区进行问卷调查,对农村食用菌近年市场情况进行分析,给出食用菌商品在出口总额、金额、总单价以及利润情况,在此基础上分析食用菌出口总量、食用菌出口创汇总量、出口单价和利润变化情况,给出食用菌及其作物成本、收益对比结果发现,循环经济下食用菌单位面积产量、单位面积产值整体上呈逐渐递增趋势,单位时间内产生的经济效益逐渐升高。分析了食用菌与其余作物成本收益比较结果发现,和传统农作物相比,种植食用菌的经济效益更高。能够为进一步提高循环经济下食用菌农村外向型经济效益,保护环境节约资源,提出相应对策。     

日本修订乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷限量对我国出口食用菌影响分析

基于日本公告修订食用菌中乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷农药残留限量,结合我国食用菌产品输日情况,分析潜在风险并提出建议对策。     

大豆根际溶磷真菌的筛选、复配及包埋固定化回用效果

为获得具高效溶磷能力的溶磷真菌,本研究从大豆根际土壤中分离筛选出5株具有溶解Ca3(PO4)2、AlPO4、FePO4及磷矿粉能力的高效菌株,分别命名为Z2、Z3、Z8、T4和Y2,分析了其对不同磷源的溶解能力,复配了最优溶磷组合同时评价了最优组合固定化回用的效果。结果表明:菌株Z2为黄色蓝状菌(Talaromyces flavus),Z3为绳状篮状菌(Talaromyces funiculosus),Z8为黑曲霉(Aspergilus niger),T4为嗜松蓝状菌(Talaromyces pinophilus),Y2为糙刺蓝状菌(Talaromyces trachyspermus)。培养11 d内,Z2、Z3、Z8、T4及Y2对Ca3(PO4)2的最大溶磷量分别为610.51 mg/mL、674.39 mg/mL、687.10 mg/mL、667.06 mg/mL和629.08 mg/m L,对Al PO4的最大溶磷量分别为485.76 mg/mL、505.59 mg/mL、559.72 mg/m L、495.97 mg/mL和540.02 mg/mL,对FePO4的最大溶磷量分别为504.60 mg/mL、511.57 mg/m L、553.21 mg/mL、508.23 mg/m L和520.42 mg/mL以及对磷矿粉的最大溶磷量分别为139.78mg/mL、135.31mg/mL、159.03mg/mL、154.61mg/m L和154.43mg/mL。溶磷过程中,溶磷量与pH值呈现极显著的负相关性,并测得5株真菌释放有机酸含量分别为228.6 mL/L、91.5 mL/L、7 254.1 mL/L、314.4 mL/L和284.6 mL/L。对无拮抗反应的菌株进行随机复配组合,发现菌株Z3、Z8和Y2组成的复配组合溶磷能力最强,其对Ca3(PO4)2溶磷量高达779.94 mg/m L。最优复配组合包埋固定回用至土壤后,土壤中有效磷含量得到明显提升,最高效磷含量可增长至113.5 mg/kg,增长率为127.3%。本研究为微生物溶磷菌肥的开发提供菌种资源,也可为今后的进一步应用研究提供科学依据。     

菌根化育苗对玉米生长和养分吸收的影响

【目的】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)侵染作物根系形成菌根共生体系对于作物吸收磷具有重要作用,但该结果大多来源于室内受控试验,有限的田间试验因环境条件、试验材料与接种技术等差异致使AMF菌剂应用效果不一。本研究通过玉米菌根化育苗和田间移栽,分析了接种AMF对玉米生长、养分吸收、籽粒产量及养分含量的影响,以期推进菌根技术的实际生产应用。【方法】以自交品系玉米B73为供试作物,于2018年5月至10月在北京市延庆区进行了田间试验。田间小区设置基施磷(+P)和不施磷(–P)处理。供试AMF为Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck&Smith BGC AH01。玉米种子催芽后,分别播入加入AMF菌剂(+M)和菌剂过滤液(–M)的育苗钵内,培养两周后移栽至田间。玉米在田间条件下生长至拔节期时,使用便携式光合仪测定叶片光合速率与气孔导度,取样测定地上部与根部干重和养分元素含量,同时测定菌根侵染率;在玉米完熟期取样,测定籽粒百粒重、籽粒产量及养分含量。【结果】无论田间施磷与否,接菌植株根系的菌根侵染强度和丛枝丰度均显著高于不接菌植株。不施磷情况下,+M处理显著提高了玉米根系干重,玉米生长的菌根依赖性(163.7%)显著高于施磷情形(124.1%)。–P–M处理玉米叶片的光合速率和气孔导度显著低于其他3个处理。–P+M处理玉米叶片的光合参数、玉米地上部和根部磷含量与+P+M均无显著差异。与–P–M处理相比,–P+M显著提高了玉米籽粒产量和百粒重,同时也提高了籽粒中锌、锰、镁等矿质养分的含量,且与+P+M处理相比均无显著差异。【结论】玉米幼苗接种AMF后再移栽到田间,可以显著提高拔节期玉米根系的菌根侵染率,促进玉米地上部和根部对磷及锌、锰和镁的吸收,进而促进玉米的生长,提高籽粒产量和养分含量。本试验条件下,菌根化育苗可以达到与施磷同样的效果,在保障作物不减产的前提下减少磷肥施用量。     

The use of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of stored-grain insects

The present contribution discusses the recent advances in the biological control of stored-grain insects with entomopathogenic fungi (EF). Thus, the effect of formulated vs. unformulated strains of EF and the effect of combinations of EF with other components, i.e. diatomaceous earths (DEs), chemical insecticides, natural products and natural enemies against stored-product insects are reviewed. Very few formulations of EF strains have been developed and used, of which invert emulsion formulation (water-in-oil type) is considered the most important. A synergistic effect of EF is produced by combining them with DEs, chemical insecticides and natural products but not with natural enemies belonging to arthropods. Moreover, since the action of EF against insect pests in general, and stored-grain insects in particular, is compatible with the food safety and environmental regulations, a good perspective for these biocontrol agents is expected as alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The potential areas of future research on the effective use of EF as biocontrol agents of stored-grain insects and the constraints that are associated with the registration and commercialization of EF as biopesticides under storage conditions are also discussed. Suggestions for the possible ways for implementation of this technology in storage systems are also provided in the present study.     

土地利用方式对酸性红壤丛枝菌根真菌群落的影响

为了研究土地利用方式对酸性红壤丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)群落的影响,调查了酸性红壤4种土地利用方式(草地、玉米、花生和大豆)下非根际和根际土壤AMF群落多样性和组成结构。结果表明：土地利用方式显著影响了AMF群落优势属球囊霉属(Glomus)和巨孢囊霉属(Paraglomus)的相对丰度,但是根际作用影响不明显。土地利用方式而非根际作用显著影响了AMF群落香农指数和物种丰富度,其中大豆地表现出最低的香农指数和物种丰富度。土地利用方式和根际作用都显著影响AMF群落组成结构,但是土地利用方式的作用强度明显高于根际作用。球囊霉属主要解释了不同土地利用方式之间的AMF群落组成差异。土壤p H是影响土壤AMF群落结构的最关键因子。因此,土地利用方式比根际作用表现出对酸性红壤AMF群落更大的影响,展现了土地利用变化在影响土壤AMF群落方面的重要作用。     

Diverse Secondary Metabolites from the Coral-Derived Fungus Aspergillus hiratsukae SCSIO 5Bn1003

Three new metabolites, including a cyclic tetrapeptide asperhiratide (1), an ecdysteroid derivative asperhiratine (2), and a sesquiterpene lactone asperhiratone (3), were isolated and identified from the soft coral-derived fungus Aspergillus hiratsukae SCSIO 5Bn₁003, together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. In addition, the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by Marfey’s technique and an analysis of the acid hydrolysates using a chiral phase HPLC column. Among all the compounds, 6 and 8 showed medium cytotoxic activities against four tumor cell lines (SF-268, HepG-2, MCF-7, and A549), with IC₅₀ values ranging from 31.03 ± 3.04 to 50.25 ± 0.54 µM. Meanwhile, they strongly inhibited α-glucosidase activities, with IC₅₀ values of 35.73 ± 3.94 and 22.00 ± 2.45 µM, which were close to and even stronger than the positive control acarbose (IC₅₀ = 32.92 ± 1.03 µM). Compounds 6–8 showed significant antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, with MIC values of 10.26 ± 0.76 µM, 17.00 ± 1.25 µM, and 5.30 ± 0.29 µM, respectively. Compounds 9 and 12 exhibited potent radical scavenging activities against DPPH, with IC₅₀ values of 12.23 ± 0.78 µM and 7.38 ± 1.16 µM. In addition, asperhiratide (1) was evaluated for anti-angiogenic activities in the in vivo zebrafish model, which showed a weak inhibitory effect on intersegmental vessel (ISV) formation.