接种丛枝菌根菌对黄檗苗木主要3种生物碱含量的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了接种丛枝菌根菌对黄檗实生苗主要药用成分含量的影响。结果表明,接种丛枝菌根菌显著增加了黄檗重要的药用成分小檗碱、药根碱及掌叶防己碱的含量,其中尤以接种摩西球囊霉和透光球囊霉的处理效果显著。     

Colonization of nonmycorrhizal plants by mycorrhizal neighbours as influenced by the collembolan, Folsomia candida

 Soil microarthropods have been shown to stimulate or be detrimental to arbuscular mycorrhizal function by their grazing actions, but their role as dispersal agents has not been assessed. The ability of three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus etunicatum, Acaulospora denticulata, Scutellospora calospora) infecting Plantago lanceolata roots to further colonize neighbouring plants was measured in response to the distance between root systems and the presence of the collembolan, Folsomia candida. In the absence of collembola, all three fungal species infected neighbouring plants in two weeks or less (at short distances), but were not successful when neighbouring plants were placed 45 cm away or further. Colonization by G. etunicatum was the quickest at short distances, but S. calospora showed greatest ability to colonize at increasing distance,whereas A. denticulata was intermediate. In the presence of the collembolan, G. etunicatum took longer to colonize neighbouring plants, but was able to infect at least 30 cm further, illustrating the arthropod's ability to disperse the AM inoculum. A. denticulata increased its range by 10 cm in the presence of F. candida, but unlike G. etunicatum, there was no delay in the colonization. In contrast, colonization of neighbouring plants by S. calospora was negatively affected both in terms of overall distance and time. These data support the hypothesis that soil arthropods can act as dispersal agents for AM inoculum, but the extent of this is fungal species-specific. Received: 1 July 1998     

两种水分条件下真菌接种及氮肥施加对小麦生长、生理及氮磷吸收的影响

为探究不同水分条件下真菌接种和氮肥施加对小麦生长、水分利用效率及营养吸收的影响,以小麦品种Superb为材料,选取丛枝菌根接种（接种和不接种）和氮肥施加（0 kg·hm^-2和180 kg·hm^-2）在两个水分处理（拔节期开始,水分充足95%（WW）和水分胁迫40%田间持水量（WD））的温室条件下进行试验,分析开花期生长及叶片气体交换参数和成熟期产量及籽粒、茎秆氮磷含量的变化,最后对水分利用效率和籽粒、茎秆氮磷含量作了相关性分析。结果显示：两种水分条件下接种丛枝菌根（AMF）均显著提高旗叶的比叶面积（SLA）,其中,水分胁迫处理施氮显著降低叶片SLA,AMF接种显著增大叶片的相对含水量（RWC）;两种水分条件下,菌根接种和氮肥（N）施加均显著提高叶片净光合速率（Pn）和蒸腾速率（Tr）,其中,水分胁迫处理下,AMF接种对Pn的影响显著,N肥施加和AMF接种后的Pn比CK高31%;两种水分处理下,N肥施加和AMF接种后小麦WUE和瞬时水分利用效率（WUEi）值升高,其中,水分胁迫环境下,AMF接种和N肥施加下小麦WUE分别提高了13.02%和1.17%,且不同处理下叶片稳定性碳同位素分辨率（CID）也有所升高。水分胁迫处理下,施N和AMF接种均显著提高小麦茎和籽粒氮含量、株高、生物量和产量,茎秆和籽粒的磷含量也显著升高。WUE与籽粒、茎秆氮、磷含量呈显著的正相关,CID与籽粒、茎秆氮磷含量呈显著负相关关系。总的来说,N肥施加和AMF接种可显著改善小麦在干旱条件下的生长及生理变化。     

绿化树种接种VA菌根真菌的生长效应研究

试验结果表明,VA菌根真菌对10个参试的绿化树种均有不同程度的增效。对苗高和基径均有增效的占参试树种的80%,其中对苗高有增效的占80%,对基径有增效的占100%。但接种效应差异性程度各有不同,处理与对照苗高、基径生长均达到极显著差异的树种有黑金刚、花金刚、巴西榕,差异显著的有竹节树,其余树种接种后虽有增效作用,但没有达到显著水平。综合来看,VA菌根真菌对黑金刚、花金刚、红关公、巴西榕和竹节树的增效效应最为明显,对扭纹铁、红桂木的增效效应较好,而对石楠、红楣和伞花木则稍差。     

VA菌根菌对苹果组培苗水分吸收和利用的影响

为给ＶＡ菌根菌在生产上的应用提供依据,以脱毒富士苹果组培苗为试验材料,采用塑料盆栽控水措施,研究ＶＡ菌根菌对苹果组培苗水分利用的影响。结果表明,在４个土壤含水量水平下,茵根经苹果植株制造１ｇ干物质的用水量均低于对照,节水效果为１２．５％￣３９．６％。     

维生素A对秸杆NDF瘤胃降解率的影响

试验采用3×3拉丁方设计,肉牛日粮中维生素A含量分别为1180国际单位、18680国际单位和36180国际单位,通过对瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度和玉米秸秆NDF降解率的测定,结果表明维生素A36180国际单位较维生素A1180国际单位组能显著提高瘤胃中乙酸浓度和玉米秸杆NDF有效降解率(p＜0.05).     

黄土高原柠条根际的VA菌根真菌

从青海、甘肃、宁夏黄土高原的野生柠条(Caragana korshinkii)根际分离出8种VA菌根真菌 南方球囊霉Glomus australe Berch & Fortin;缩球囊霉Glomus constrictum Trappe;地球囊霉Glomus geosporum (Nicolson&Gerdemann)Walker;根内球囊霉Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith;地表球囊霉Glomus versiforme(Karsten)Berch;单孢球囊霉Glomus monosporum Gerd ＆Trappe;摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae Nicolson ＆Gerdemann;二型球囊霉Glomus dimorphicum Boyetchko＆Tewari;本文描述了它们主要的形态特征和分布。 第1期张万红等黄土高原柠条根际的VA菌根真菌     

云南干热河谷地区木棉科植物丛枝菌根真菌的调查研究

【目的】调查云南干热河谷地区木棉科植物根及根际周围的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)分布状况,为筛选对干热河谷木棉生长有明显促进作用的AMF提供理论依据。【方法】采用湿筛沉淀法,从云南干热河谷的元阳、元江、东川、元谋、宾川和怒江6个地区的木棉须根及其所带土壤中分离AMF孢子,在体视镜下观察记录孢子的颜色、大小、连孢菌丝的特征、孢子果形态等;在此基础上,用微吸管挑取孢子置于载玻片上,加浮载剂(蒸馏水、乳酸、乳酸甘油、Melzer’s试剂)在Nikon显微镜下观察,对孢子颜色、大小,孢壁颜色、类型、厚度等指标进行鉴定。【结果】从云南干热河谷6个地区的野生及人工栽培的木棉中,共分离鉴定出AMF 3属6种,分别为幼套球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum、摩西球囊霉Funneliformis mosseae、何氏球囊霉Glomus hoi、缩球囊霉Funneliformis constrictum、苏格兰球囊霉Glomus caledonium和细凹无梗囊霉Acaulospora scrobiculata。AMF在不同区域、不同季节和不同栽培环境下的分布规律不同,旱季较少,雨季较多;野生环境中多,人工栽培环境少。【结论】在云南干热河谷地区,幼套球囊霉和摩西球囊霉较其他AMF出现频率更高,孢子数量较多,初步认为这2种是该区域木棉科植物丛枝菌根真菌的优势种。     

VA菌根真菌对药用植物曼陀罗（Datura stramonium L.）生长、营养吸收及有效成分的影响

本项试验是在土壤中含有不同浓度有效磷的条件下，研究两种VA菌根真菌（Glomus mosseae 和Glomus epigaeum）对药用植物曼陀罗的生长、元素（N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Mo、Na、Al、Ba、Cd、Ni、Pb、Co、B、Ti、和Cr）吸收及合成药用有效成分的影响。试验结果表明，这两种菌根真菌都能有效地促进曼陀罗的生长，增加对磷、硫等元素的吸收，降低镉、铅在植物体中的含量，提高莨菪碱和东莨菪碱的浓度。VA菌根对曼陀罗药用有效成分影响可能与因共生而引起的代谢变化有关。尤其是与植株激素有关。本文讨论了药用植物接种VA菌根的理论和实践意义。     

Hyphal transport by a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus of N applied to the soil as ammonium or nitrate

Summary Transport of N by hyphae of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus was studied under controlled experimental conditions. The N source was applied to the soil as ¹⁵NH _inf4 ^sup+ or ¹⁵NO _inf3 ^sup- . Cucumis sativus was grown for 25 days, either alone or in symbiosis with Glomus intraradices, in containers with a hyphal compartment separated from the root compartment by a fine nylon mesh. Mineral N was then applied to the hyphal compartment as ¹⁵NH _inf4 ^sup+ or ¹⁵NO _inf3 ^sup- at 5 cm distance from the root compartment. Soil samples were taken from the hyphal compartment at 1, 3 and 5 cm distance from the root compartment at 7 and 12 days after labelling, and the concentration of mineral N in the samples was measured from 2 M KCl extracts. Mycorrhizal colonization did not affect plant dry weight. The recovery of ¹⁵N in mycorrhizal plants was 38 or 40%, respectively, when ¹⁵NH _inf4 ^sup+ or ¹⁵NO _inf3 ^sup- was applied. The corresponding values for non-mycorrhizal plants were 7 and 16%. The higher ¹⁵N recovery observed in mycorrhizal plants than in non-mycorrhizal plants suggests that hyphal transport of N from the applied ¹⁵N sources towards the host plant had occurred. The concentration of mineral N in the soil of hyphal compartments was considerably less in mycorrhizal treatments than in controls, indicating that the hyphae were able to deplete the soil for mineral N.