Effect of indigenous mycorrhizal colonization on phosphorus‐acquisition efficiency in soybean and sunflower

Despite a general consent about the beneficial contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on natural ecosystems, there is an intense debate about their role in agricultural systems. In this work, soybean (Glycine max L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field plots with different P availabilities were sampled across the Pampean Region of Argentina (> 150 samples from Mollisols) to characterize the relationship between available soil P and indigenous mycorrhizal colonization. A subsequent pot experiment with soybean and sunflower was carried out to evaluate the effect of P supply (0, 12, and 52 mg P kg^–1) and AMF inoculation on AMF colonization and crop responsiveness to P in a Mollisol. Both crops showed high AMF colonization in the field (average: 55% for soybean and 44% for sunflower). While mycorrhizal colonization in soybean was significantly and negatively related to available soil P, no such trends were apparent in sunflower. Also, total biomass was 3.5 and 2.0 times higher in mycorrhizal than in nonmycorrhizal pot‐grown soybean under low‐ and medium‐P conditions, respectively. Sunflower, on the other hand, did not benefit from AMF symbiosis under medium and high P supply. While mycorrhization stimulated P‐uptake efficiency in soybean, the generally high P efficiency in sunflower was not associated with AMF symbiosis.     

VA5免疫增强剂对鸽新城疫病毒灭活疫苗的增效作用研究

试验旨在探究VA5免疫增强剂对鸽新城疫病毒（NDV）灭活疫苗（ND4416株）的免疫增效作用。选取160只健康鸽随机分为4组：ND4416株灭活疫苗组（NDV组）、ND4416株灭活疫苗与免疫增强剂（VA5）混合组（NDV+VA5组）、La Sota灭活疫苗组（La Sota组）及生理盐水空白对照组（C组）,进行免疫效力及免疫持续期试验。采用血凝抑制试验检测各组鸽免疫后不同时间点的血清抗体效价,结果显示,VA5免疫增强剂能够显著提高鸽NDV灭活疫苗血清抗体水平（P<0.05）。脾脏淋巴细胞转化试验结果显示,VA5能够有效刺激免疫鸽的淋巴细胞转化。在免疫后第30、90、180天,各组鸽子采用ND4416株进行攻毒试验,结果显示,NDV+VA5组在3个时间点的攻毒保护率均为100%,均高于La Sota组。免疫持续期试验结果显示,NDV+VA5组血清抗体水平在免疫后第21天达峰值11.20log₂,第180天仍能达到7.50log₂,攻毒保护率达100%,表明VA5免疫增强剂可延长鸽新城疫疫苗的免疫效力持续期至180 d。攻毒后体外排毒检测结果表明,VA5免疫增强剂能够缩短攻毒后鸽的体外排毒周期,减少体外排毒。综上,VA5免疫增强剂能够显著提高鸽NDV灭活疫苗的免疫效果,为研制效果更好的鸽NDV疫苗提供了基础依据,同时也为免疫增强剂的应用增加了试验数据。     

VA 菌根真菌对酸枣实生苗抗旱性的影响

 在盆栽条件下, 研究了VA 菌根对酸枣实生苗生长和抗旱性的影响。结果表明, 在土壤相对含水量为20 %、40 %、60 %条件下, VA 菌根能显著增加酸枣实生苗的生长量(株高、叶面积、鲜样质量、干样质量等) , 降低叶片自然饱和亏和脯氨酸含量, 提高植株叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率、光合速率, 显著增强了植株的抗旱能力。在土壤相对含水量相同状况下, 接种菌根真菌植株制造1 g 干物质的需水量低于不接种的处理, 节水效果为16. 5 %～29. 8 %。干旱条件对VA 菌根的侵染影响不大。播种时进行控水处理和在播种后40 d 开始控水两个水分试验对菌根的侵染率、植株的生长及水分状况影响差异不大。     

Various Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Dry Weights,P and Zn Uptake of Four Pistacia Species

Pistacia is a common wild plant in the Southeast Anatolia part of Turkey. The experiment was planned to screen and select the most suitable arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) for enhancing Pistacia species seedling growth by improving phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) uptake. This study was carried out under greenhouse condition at the Department of Soil Science, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey. Two genotypes from each of P. vera (cvs ‘Siirt’ and ‘Kirmizi’), P. eurycarpa, P. atlantica, and P. terebinthus species were tested with ten different mycorrhizal species. Plants were grown in a growth medium with a mixture of sand, soil and compost with 6:3:1 ratio, respectively. Seedling plants were harvested after eight months and transplanted to pots. There were significant differences between Pistacia species in growth, nutrient uptake and the percentage of mycorrhizal infection. Also mycorrhizal species were different in terms of enhancing plant growth and nutrient uptake. The results were that Siirt, Genotype 08, 11, 13, and 14 gave a high response to the mycorrhizal inoculation and Glomus clarium gave the best improvements in growth and nutrition, resulting in greater plant biomass and Zn and P uptake. Following this, G. etunicatum, G. intraradices, G. caledonium, and G. mosseae species were effective species. In general, G. mosseae and G. fasciculatum mycorrhizae enhanced plant growth; G. clarium was the most efficient species in terms of P and Zn uptake.

It has been concluded that these mycorrhizae species significantly enhance the Pistacia plant growth and nutrient uptake. Also using AM fungi in the pistachio nursery should be taken into consideration for better seedling production. Further work needs to be done to determine how much inoculum is needed for sufficient inoculation and how the mycorrhizal seedlings can be adapted under field conditions especially under drought and high calcareous marginal soil conditions.     

日粮中添加维生素A和维生素D_3对蛋鸡产蛋性能及蛋壳品质的影响

日粮中添加VA、VD3,探讨其对提高蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋壳品质的影响。结果表明:试验组A、试验组B的平均产蛋率分别为77.62%、78.60%,与对照组的82.61%存在极显著差异(P<0.01);而2个试验组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。2个试验组的只日均产蛋重存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。对于蛋壳品质方面,蛋的壳重、壳厚,对照组与试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05);而对于蛋的比重,对照组、试验组A、试验组B之间有上升趋势,说明日粮中添加VA、VD3后蛋壳品质有所改善。     

日粮中不同锌及维生素A水平对肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫性能和有关酶及激素的影响

以AA肉仔鸡为试验动物 ,采用6×2(Zn×VA)重复实验设计 ,研究了日粮添加不同水平的锌(Zn)(40 ,80 ,120 ,160 ,200和320mg/kg)和维生素A(VA)(2700和8800IU/kg)对生产性能、免疫性能、7周龄血清和肝脏CuZn -SOD活性、血清碱性磷酸酶活性及血清胰岛素浓度的影响。结果表明 ,肉仔鸡对Zn的需要量有阶段性区别 ,前期添加320mg/kg,后期添加80～120mg/kg能获得较好的生产性能和免疫性能。VA的添加量为2700IU/kg 时前后期的生产性能均较佳。日粮Zn水平对血清CuZn -SOD的影响极显著(P<0.01) ,Zn水平为80～160mg/kg 时活性最大 ;日粮Zn水平对肝脏CuZn -SOD的影响接近显著水平 ,Zn水平为160～200mg/kg 时活性最大 ;日粮Zn水平、VA水平及二者的交互作用对血清碱性磷酸酶活性的影响均极显著(P<0.01) ,Zn的添加水平为80mg/kg时 ,酶活性最大 ,日粮高水平VA(8800IU/kg)使酶活性显著增加(P<0.01)。日粮Zn及VA水平对血清胰岛素浓度均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。高Zn(320mg/kg)使胰岛素浓度明显升高 ,高VA明显抑制了胰岛素浓度     

菌根对板栗幼苗生长及抗旱性的影响

通过在板栗上接种菌根真菌 ,证明几种真菌能与板栗形成不同共生程度的菌根 ,菌根对板栗幼苗生长有不同程度的促进作用 以Rhizopogensp .和Lycoperdonfuscum对菌根苗株高和地径的促进作用大 ,土壤灭菌后接种效果明显优于未灭菌的处理 具有菌根的板栗幼苗在PEG脱水处理后 ,暂时萎蔫出现晚 ,萎蔫系数小 ;菌根苗的细胞膜透性和SOD酶活性相对低 菌根的存在可显著地提高幼苗对干旱胁迫的抗性     

不同作物对VA菌根真菌的依赖性差异

以玉米、 小麦、 大豆、 三叶草四种作物为试材, 在低和高两个施磷水平下接种或 不接种泡囊-丛枝菌根真菌(VAMF), 研究不同作物的菌根依赖性及其影响因子。 结果表明 , 接种菌根真菌显著地促进了玉米、 大豆、 三叶草的生长, 但小麦无此效果, 菌根依 赖性的大小顺序为玉米＞大豆＞三叶草＞小麦。 菌根真菌提高作物的叶绿     

Arbuscular mycorrhizae in a long-term field trial comparing low-input (organic, biological) and high-input (conventional) farming systems in a crop rotation

 Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) root colonization was studied in a long-term field trial in which four farming systems currently in use in Switzerland were continuously applied to a randomized set of plots at a single field site from 1978 till 1993. There were two low-input farming systems (organic and bio-dynamic) and two high-input (conventional) farming systems (according to Swiss guidelines of integrated plant production with and without farmyard manure). The systems had an identical 7-year crop rotation and tillage scheme and differed essentially only in the amount and type of fertilizer supplied and in plant protection management. The percentage of root colonization by AM fungi was determined in field samples 2–3 times over the growing season in crops in the rotation, namely in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sardona), vetch-rye and grass-clover. We found the percentage of root length colonized by AM fungi to be 30–60% higher (P≤0.05) in the plants grown in soils from the low-input farming systems than in those grown in conventionally farmed soils. Approximately 50% of the variation of AM root colonization was explained by chemical properties of the soils (pH, soluble P and K, exchangeable Mg), the effect of soluble soil P being most pronounced. The potential of the field soils from the differently managed plots to cause symbiosis with AM fungi was tested in a glasshouse experiment, using wheat as a host plant. Soils from the low-input farming systems had a greatly enhanced capacity to initiate AM symbiosis. The relative differences in this capacity remained similar when propagules of the AM fungus Glomus mosseae were experimentally added to the soils, although overall root colonization by AM fungi was 2.8 times higher. Received: 27 August 1999     

维生素A、D、E添加水平对蛋用型育成鸡食道、泄殖腔上皮组织结构的影响

比较了按比例组成的5个A、D、E添加水平组合（VA 1 500、3 000、6 000、9 000、12 000IU/kg,VD 345、690、1 380、2 070、2 760IU/kg,VE 4.5、7.5、9.6、14.4、19.2IU/kg）,对蛋用型育成鸡0～12周龄食道及泄殖腔上皮健康的影响。结果表明：各维生素添加水平试鸡12周末泄殖腔和食道上皮均无明显的病理变化。