真菌降解木质素的研究现状

在介绍木质素结构的基础上 ,从降解木质素的菌种及主要酶、产酶的条件 ,分析了真菌降解木质素的研究现状 ,介绍了真菌降解木质素及其酶的应用 ,并提出了存在的问题及发展方向     

紫金山两种主要林型有机物层中丝状真菌多样性

本文对紫金山两种主要林型,栓皮栎林(Quercus variabilis)和马尾松-枫香(Pinus massoniana-Liguidam barformasana)混交林的有机物层(L, F, H层及土壤淋溶A层)可培养丝状真菌多样性进行了研究。通过分离鉴定,共得到真菌67种,其中接合菌3种、子囊菌5种、半知菌类56种和未确定种3种,半知菌类最为丰富。两种林型分解真菌优势种群为链格孢(Alternaria sp.)、曲霉(Aspergillus spp.)、枝孢(Cladosporium sp.)、毛霉(Mucor sp.)、青霉(Penicillium sp.)、木霉(Trichoderma spp.)、根霉(Rhizopus sp.)、粘帚霉(Gliocladium sp.)。混交林型中真菌的种类和数量明显高于栓皮栎林。两个林型均以F层真菌种类最多,但F层之间和L层之间真菌多样性差异较大。在混交林型中从马尾松针叶上分离的真菌种类和数量比从枫香上分离得到的少; 从马尾松针叶上分离的真菌丰富度随着有机物层深度增加而增加,枫香则反之。比较两个林型以及混交林的两种落叶上真菌种类发现,随着有机物层深度的增加,真菌的种类差异性却随之减少,即同时出现在两个林型或两种针叶上的真菌种类增多。真菌种类随着分解过程的进行具有明显的演替现象。混交林型中同一层内不同落叶上分解真菌多样性的差异,表明凋落物基质的差异是决定真菌种类和数量的重要因素     

三种桉树菌根菌培养条件的研究

多根硬皮马勃9215、彩色豆马勃9216及西澳粘滑菇E4070菌株是广东地区应用较多、效果也较好的菌根真菌,为摸清其培养条件,分别进行了适温范围、最适pH以及C源、N源需求的测定。其结果表明:菌株9216适温范围最广,为10～38C,菌株E4070适温范围最窄,为15～30C;最适pH范围以9215菌株最广,为3～7,菌株E4070最窄,仅为5～7;除菌株9216不能利用有机N源中的牛肉膏及酵母浸膏外,其它8种N源均有不同程度的利用,9215菌株对有机N利用较好,而9216菌株对氨态N利用较好;除9215菌株对果糖的利用较差外,其它C源差异不大,菌株9216对麦芽糖及葡萄糖利用较好,而E4070对6种C源利用效果差异不大。     

树木菌根真菌——美味红菇复合制剂的生物效应*

在探明菌根真菌美味红菇生理活性物质的基础上,为使其实用化,又从该菌的发酵液中提取并研制成真菌复合制剂。除在医学上进行了一系列抗菌活性试验外,同时还在育苗造林上,利用不同树种进行防病保苗促进生长的生物活性试验。本文主要报道应用美味红菇复合制剂对几种亚热带针阔叶树种幼苗和种子进行体内生物活性的试验结果。目的在于观察和研究该复合制剂对促进幼苗生长和提高抗生能力的生物效应,以便进一步开拓美味红菇复合制剂的有效应用范围和途径。     

竹材霉变生物学的研究*Ⅰ.毛竹材致霉菌与致霉特征

确证15种霉菌可引起毛竹材霉变，对这15种霉菌的分类学形态特征及其在毛竹材上诱致的霉变外貌特征进行了详细描述；指出其中10种霉菌为毛竹材重要致霉菌，提出在竹材霉变试验中可选用菌体相对覆盖量目测法估计竹材霉变程度。     

刺革菌科10种主要木材腐朽菌的培养特性

通过对子实体进行组织分离获得菌种，并将其接种子PDA平板培养基上，25℃恒温培养，根据菌落细胞外氧化酶检测反应、菌丝类型及分化、产孢情况、菌丝及菌落颜色、刚毛及表皮细胞的有无等培养特性，对刺革菌科10种主要木材腐配菌培养特性及鉴定分类系统地进行了研究。     

Effect of fertilization on growth and ectomycorrhizal development of container-grown and bare-root nursery conifer seedlings

The effect of three levels of fertilizer on thegrowth of three species of containerized-grownconifer seedlings (Pinus contorta, Picea glauca, and Picea mariana) and twospecies of bare-root conifer seedlings (Pinus sylvestris and Larix sibirica),and on the colonization of these seedlings bysix species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Hebeloma longicaudum, Laccaria bicolor,Paxillus involutus, Pisolithustinctorius, Rhizopogon vinicolor andSuillus tomentosus), was studied. Thegrowth of the seedlings in both container-grownand bare-root nurseries increased as the levelsof fertilizer increased. For better seedlinggrowth and environmental quality it may be possible to reduce the level of fertilizers in commercial nurseries upto 33% by using selected mycorrhizal fungi.Ectomycorrhizal colonization in all seedlingswas not affected by fertilizer levels. Hebeloma longicaudum, L. bicolor, P.involutus, and P. tinctorius formedwell-developed ectomycorrhizae, whereasectomycorrhizal development by R.vinicolor and S. tomentosus was poor.Native mycorrhizal fungi colonizednon-inoculated control seedlings; however,their colonization was always lower than withinoculated fungi.     

Endophytische Pilze in Blättern und Zweigen von Quercus petraea

Endophytic fungi in leaves and twigs of Quercus petraea . Surface sterilized leaf and twig samples taken in 1989 from sessile oak (Quercus petraea) in Austria yielded host-specific as well as unspecific ubiquistic endophytes. In leaves, Aureobasidium apocryptum and Apiognomonia quercina were the most frequent taxa, while Colpoma quercinum was the dominant species in twigs. The colonization rates of individual species were subjected to seasonal variation.     

Morphological features and dietary functional components in fruit bodies of two strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pholiota adiposa</Emphasis> grown on artificial beds

 The morphological features and dietary functional components of two strains (FPF-13 and Oninome-B) of Pholiota adiposa (numerisugitake mushroom) grown on artificial bed blocks were examined. The components examined were chitin, mannitol, trehalose, guanosine 5′-monophosphate, ergosterol, and β-glucan. There was a significant difference in the external shape of the two strains. However, the differences in the contents of functional components between the two strains, as well as between the pilei and stipes of the strains, were small. In both strains the trehalose content was much higher than the mannitol content, in contrast to those of Lentinula edodes. From a commercial point of view, Oninome-B has a clear advantage over other strains of P. adiposa owing to its less removable scale. Received: May 15, 2002 / Accepted: June 10, 2002 Acknowledgment The authors thank Dr. F. Eguchi (Takasaki University of Health and Welfare) for his technical advice on the β-glucan analysis. Part of this report was presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001 Correspondence to:K. Shimizu