茭白“雄茭”和“灰茭”的形成及遗传特性

以浙茭2 号（双季茭）的“雄茭”、“灰茭”和正常茭植株为试材,比较了“雄茭”、“灰茭”
和正常茭植株的株高、叶数、分蘖数、植株地上部（叶片、叶鞘和地上茎）生物量和地上茎的质量、形态
指标,同时研究了杀菌剂、水分、辐照等环境因子对“雄茭”和“灰茭”形成的影响,以及“雄茭”和“灰
茭”的遗传特性。结果表明：“雄茭”植株最高,“灰茭”次之,正常茭最矮;正常茭和“灰茭”分蘖数和
每墩植株地上部鲜质量显著高于“雄茭”;正常茭单个地上茎的鲜质量和体积最大,“灰茭”次之,“雄茭”
最小。田间施用杀菌剂可能是影响“雄茭”形成的主要因素,而辐照、干旱和自然环境条件下“灰茭”均
可形成。“雄茭”和“灰茭”具有遗传稳定性。     

燕麦种质抗坚黑穗病鉴定与评价

为明确不同燕麦种质抗坚黑穗病(Ustilago segetum var.avenae)的差异和探讨形成燕麦抗坚黑穗病鉴定技术规范,于2013-2014年采用菌粉拌种和菌土覆盖的接种方法对135份燕麦种质进行坚黑穗病的田间抗性鉴定,结果表明,在菌粉拌种条件下,64份裸燕麦中,12份免疫,6份高抗,1份抗,19份中感,16份感,10份高感,分别占鉴定裸燕麦的18.8%,9.4%,1.6%,29.7%,25.0%,15.6%;71份皮燕麦中,45份免疫,22份高抗,2份抗,2份中感,分别占鉴定皮燕麦的63.4%,31.0%,2.8%,2.8%。在菌土覆盖条件下,64份裸燕麦中,17份免疫,8份高抗,13份抗,22份中感,3份感,1份高感,分别占鉴定裸燕麦的26.6%,12.5%,20.3%,34.4%,4.7%,1.6%;71份皮燕麦中,56份免疫,13份高抗,1份抗,1份中感,分别占鉴定皮燕麦的78.9%,18.3%,1.4%,1.4%;在2种接种方法下,62份材料抗性完全一致;10份材料在菌粉拌种接种方法的抗病性低于菌土覆盖的抗病性;菌粉拌种较菌土覆盖易使63个燕麦品种的发病率增加,使其抗病性下降,说明菌粉拌种接种方法明显优于菌土覆盖。试验中获得的这些有效抗病种质,可为品种的合理布局和更替提供科学依据,同时可为育种部门提供核心抗源。     

Susceptibility of German spring barley cultivars to loose smut populations from different European origins

Forty-two registered spring barley cultivars from the German official list were tested under natural infection conditions for susceptibility to loose smut (Ustilago tritici f.sp. hordei) during two test cycles at two locations. Only cv. Steffi was found to be resistant to the local loose smut population. Cultivar Sigrid showed lowest susceptibility because of flowering inside the leaf sheath. Less than 1% infection at all sites showed up in cvs Auriga, Jacinta and Hendrix. Twenty-one cultivars had an infection rate of less than 2%. Cultivar Danuta displayed the highest susceptibility with an average of 12.6%. Another 23 spring barley accessions with expected loose smut resistance were inoculated artificially with loose smut populations obtained from 11 locations in Germany and neighbouring countries. Only Jet with the resistance Un3/6, CDC Freedom with Un8, CIho9973 with quantitative resistance, as well as Lino and GangTuoQuingKeHao1 remained disease-free. In addition to these, another eight accessions in this test group are recommended to become part of a differential tester set to distinguish origins of loose smut. Statistical analysis showed that for scoring of cultivars more importance has to be given to the number of locations for infestation than to the number of test locations to determine the degree of attack. In view of the existing inspection limits for production of certified seed in European countries, the currently registered German barley cultivars put organic seed producers and breeders at high risk in respect to loose smut infection, if the number of generations for multiplication under organic farming increases.     

Effect of Phenylpyrrole-resistance Mutations on Ecological Fitness of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis cinerea</Emphasis> and their Genetical Basis in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ustilago maydis</Emphasis>

Mutants of Botrytis cinerea and Ustilago maydis highly resistant to fludioxonil were isolated at a high frequency, after nitrosoguanidine or UV mutagenesis, respectively, and selection on media containing fludioxonil. Tests on the response of mutant strains to high osmotic pressure resulted in the identification of two fludioxonil-resistant phenotypes (FLD_osm/s and FLD_osm/r), regarding the sensitivity to high osmolarity. Approximately 95% of fludioxonil-resistant mutants were found to be more sensitive to high osmotic pressure than the wild-type parent strains. Genetic analysis of phenylpyrrole-resistance in the phytopathogenic basidiomycete U. maydis, showed that fludioxonil-resistance was coded by three unlinked chromosomal loci (U/fld-1, U/fld-2 and U/fld-3), from which only the U/fld-1 mutation coded an osmotic sensitivity similar to that of the wild-types. Cross-resistance studies with fungicides from other chemical groups showed that the mutations for resistance to phenylpyrroles affect the sensitivity of mutant strains to the aromatic hydrocarbon and dicarboximide fungicides, but not to the benzimidazoles, anilinopyrimidines, phenylpyridinamines, hydroxyanilides or the sterol biosynthesis inhibiting fungicides. A study of fitness parameters in the wild-type and fludioxonil-resistant mutants of B. cinerea, showed that all osmotic sensitive (B/FLD_osm/s) isolates had significant reductions in the characteristics determining saprophytic fitness such as mycelial growth, sporulation, conidial germination and sclerotial production. Contrary to that, with the exception of mycelial growth, the fitness parameters were unaffected or only slightly affected in most of the osmotic resistant (B/FLD_osm/r) isolates. Tests on cucumber seedlings showed that the osmotic-sensitive strains were significantly less pathogenic compared with the wild-type and B/FLD_osm/r strains of B. cinerea. Preventative applications of the commercial products Saphire 50 WP (fludioxonil) and Rovral 50 WP (iprodione) were effective against lesion development on cotyledons by the wild-type and the mutant strains of B. cinerea that were resistant to the anilinopyrimidine cyprodinil (B/CPL-27) and to the hydroxyanilide fenhexamid (B/FNH-21), but ineffective, even at high concentrations, against disease caused by the fludioxonil-resistant isolates (B/FLD) and a mutant strain resistant to the dicarboximide iprodione (B/IPR-1). Experiments on the stability of the fludioxonil-resistant phenotype showed a reduction of resistance, mainly in osmotic-sensitive isolates, when the mutants were grown on inhibitor-free medium. A rapid recovery of the high resistance was observed after mutants were returned to the selection medium. Studies on the competitive ability of mutant isolates against the wild-type parent strain of B. cinerea, by applications of a mixed conidial population, showed that, in vitro, all mutants were less competitive than the wild-type strain. However, the competitive ability of osmotic-resistant mutants was higher than the osmotic-sensitive ones. Furthermore, competition tests, in planta, showed a significant reduction of the frequency of both phenylpyrrole-resistant phenotypes, with a respective increase in the population of the wild-type strain of the pathogen.     

侧耳纤维二糖水解酶基因的克隆与表达研究

pDL1是能够转化细菌和真菌的双功能质粒。将pDL1与糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)的DNA片段连接,然后转化玉米黑粉菌(Ustilago maydis)的原生质体。通过新霉素选择平皿的筛选,转化率达到800转化子/μgDNA,建立了糙皮侧耳的基因文库。随机取15个转化子进行点渍法(Dotting blotting)检验,结果均呈阳性。此结果表明,抗性克隆不是源于玉米黑粉菌敏感细胞的回复突变。萨慎法(Southern blotting)检验显示,本研究在玉米黑粉菌细胞中克隆糙皮侧耳纤维二糖水解酶基因是成功的。基因表达试验表明,玉米黑粉菌克隆株具有糙皮侧耳纤维二糖水解酶的活性。     

茭白病害及其病原菌名称的演变

茭白是我国重要的特色水生蔬菜之一,对于丰富菜篮子和提高农民收入起到重要作用。随着大规模的人工栽培,茭白病害日益成为影响茭白产业发展的严重问题。然而,生产中经常存在不能正确使用茭白病害及其病原菌名称的问题,影响了对病害的识别与防治。这是由于不同研究者对病害认识的侧重点不同,导致同一病害在不同国家或地区具有不同的名称;而随着人们对病原菌认识的不断深入,引起病原菌分类地位的不断变化,也使同一种病原菌在分类史上出现不同的名称。正确使用病害及其病原菌名称,可提供病害特征及其病原菌生物学特性的信息,这对指导病害识别与防治尤为重要。本文系统介绍了茭白病害及其病原菌,尤其从病原菌分类史上说明病原菌名称演变的原因以及最新研究进展,为理解和正确使用病原菌名称提供了参考依据。同时,结合我们的研究工作,展望了茭白病害和病原菌未来研究和发展的趋势,提出了潜在病原菌可能传播的植物检疫问题。     

甘蔗杂交后代黑穗病抗性评价与抗感池构建

为研究甘蔗杂交后代黑穗病抗性的遗传变异,构建抗病、感病近等基因池,配置了2个杂交组合,其中组合1为CP84-1198×科5,组合2为ROC20×桂糖73-167,对2个组合部分后代进行2次新植人工接种黑穗病抗性鉴定,调查并分析了5个病害参数的关系.相关分析结果显示,病害有关参数中,发病持续期(SSD)与最大累计丛感染率(IPmax)、最大累计茎感染率(ISmax)、病情消长曲线下的面积(∑AUDPC)存在极显著的正相关,IP_与最短潜伏期(LP)在不同作物季间重演性高.应用2个病害流行学参数SSD和LP以及3个病情指数IP_、IS_和∑AUDPC作为聚类指标,采用欧氏距离及最长距离法,对2个组合的杂交后代部分个体的抗性进行聚类分析,构建了2对遗传背景不同的抗、感黑穗病近等基因池,为后续研究奠定了基础.     

Resistance to Sterol Demethylation Inhibitors in Ustilago maydis. III. Cross-Resistance Patterns and Sterol Analyses

Two spontaneous triadimefon-resistant mutants of Ustilago maydis, 151ar/1 and 151ar/3, were investigated with regard to their extent of cross-resistance and their sterol composition to elicit indications about the specificity of the present resistance mechanisms. Testing resistance to various sterol biosynthesis inhibitors and toxicants with different modes of action, it could be demonstrated that, in the mutant 151ar/1, cross-resistance was limited to the sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs), whereas, in strain 151ar/3, resistance included most sterol biosynthesis inhibitors studied (DMIs, morpholines, piperidines, allylamines) as well as the unrelated compounds vinclozolin and cycloheximide. Sterol analyses showed that both mutants contained ergosterol as the main sterol component. In comparison with the sensitive reference strain, the mutant 151ar/1 had a slightly elevated content of C-14 methyl sterols, whereas in strain 151ar/3 the amount of ergosterol was increased. Triadimefon caused an accumulation of C-14 methyl sterols and a decrease in ergosterol content in the sensitive strain and the mutant 151ar/1, whereas the other strain 151ar/3 remained unaffected. The results indicate that several resistance mechanisms are probably operating in the two mutants.     

58份鲜食玉米品种对瘤黑粉病和丝黑穗病的抗性评价

2020-2022年通过田间人工接种,对58份鲜食玉米品种进行抗性鉴定和评价,明确玉米品种对瘤黑粉病和丝黑穗病的抗性差异。结果表明,58份鲜食玉米中未检测出高抗(HR)瘤黑粉病品种,1份品种原玉糯999表现抗病(R),占比1.7%;福甜73、白甜糯3号、白玉糯2020、甘糯2020等4份材料表现中抗(MR),占比6.9%;27份品种表现感病(S),占比46.6%;26份品种表现高感(HS),占比44.8%。对丝黑穗病鉴定结果表明,未发现高抗(HR)和抗病(R)品种,仅1份品种永糯321表现中抗(MR);其余20份和37份材料分别表现感病(S)和高感(HS),分别占鉴定材料的34.5%和63.8%。     

菰黑粉菌MAPK同源基因UeKss1的克隆及表达

菰黑粉菌作为茭白植株体内的内生真菌,其二型态转换与茭白孕茭密切相关,而MAPK途径在真菌二型态转换中具有重要调控作用。本研究在菰黑粉菌中克隆得到了一个MAPK基因UeKss1,通过与酵母菌中的MAPK途径蛋白进行聚类分析表明其属于Kss1的同源蛋白。进一步的系统进化分析表明,UeKss1与黑粉菌属真菌的Kss1同源性最高,达80%以上,且它的丝/苏氨酸双特异性蛋白激酶催化结构域高度保守。不同碳源诱导下菰黑粉菌的生长特征及UeKss1表达分析发现,只有蔗糖培养基能诱导菰黑粉菌菌丝形成,而在PDA、葡萄糖和麦芽糖培养基中,该菌都保持酵母型生长;UeKss1基因的表达量在PDA和葡萄糖培养基中变化不显著,但在麦芽糖培养基中,该基因的表达随着培养时间的延长持续上调表达,而在蔗糖培养基中,UeKss1的表达量虽然也呈现上升趋势,但是远小于麦芽糖的诱导表达量。对UeKss1进行的原核表达纯化,经Western blot验证得到纯度较高的UeKss1蛋白。研究结果可为UeKss1基因的功能研究,阐明其在菰黑粉菌二型态转换中的作用机制提供帮助。