提高农业科技服务能力 推进农村小康社会建设

中国全面建设小康社会重点在农村，难点在如何增加农民收入，很大程度上取决于如何为八亿农民提供农业科技服务，促进农业技术创新和科技成果转化为现实生产力。本文从中国农业生产的现状、科技服务“缺位和滞后”和力量不足等问题入手，提出改革现行的农业科技运行和转化机制、开展科农携手共建利益共同体、发挥示范榜样作用、提高劳动者的科技素质等对策，促进科学研究面向生产第一线和科技成果直接应用于生产，为农民提供全方位、多层次、多领域的科技服务，推进农村全面建设小康社会进程。     

坚持和落实科学发展观 努力破解农民增收难题

以科学发展观为指导，针对安徽省农民增收和农业发展中存在的资源约束等问题进行分析，提出了抓住时机，依靠政策调动、布局优化、市场带动、科技拉动，提高农民增收的稳定性和持续性,大幅度提高农民增收的对策和发展思路。     

A model of decision-making and information flows for information-intensive agriculture

This paper describes the development of a systems based model to characterise farmers’ decision-making process in information-intensive practices, and its evaluation in the context of Precision Agriculture (PA). A participative methodology was developed in which farm managers decomposed their process of decision-making into brief decision statements along with associated information requirements. The methodology was first developed on a university research farm in Denmark and further revised during testing on a number of research and commercial farms in Indiana, USA. Twenty-one decision-analysis factors were identified to characterise a farm manager’s decision-making process. Then, a general data flow diagram (DFD) was constructed that describes the information flows “from data to decision”. Illustrative examples of the model in the form of DFDs are presented for a strategic, a tactical and an operational decision. The model was validated for a range of decisions related to operations by three university farm managers and by five commercial farmers practicing PA for cereal, corn and soybean production in Denmark and in Indiana, USA.     

试论农业机械化在建设社会主义新农村中的重要作用

建设社会主义新农村,是党中央从贯彻落实科学发展观、构建社会主义和谐社会的全局出发作出的重大战略部署,农业机械化发展必须适应农业现代化和建设社会主义新农村的需要,为我国实现农业现代化、解决“三农”问题,建设社会主义新农村作出农业机械化应有的贡献。     

天河公园“拆围透绿”工程边界空间绿化模式研究

边界空间绿化是开放性城市公园的重要因素,是衔接公园与城市绿地系统的重要措施。以广州天河公园“拆围透绿”工程为例,分析边界空间绿化存在通透性不足、与城市融合度不高、地域文化缺失、绿地管理不到位等问题,采用“保留、清杂、复绿”景观策略,确定点状、带状、片状景观3种绿化模式,制定“护栏+绿化”、绿化组团、“微地形+绿化组团”3种空间分隔手法,并从复绿植物种类选择、通透植物空间结构、活化林下消极空间、柔化公园边界空间、强化城市地域文化、加强空间绿化管理6个方面进行绿化提升,优化了公园的生态环境和开放性。     

农业生物科学的发展与农业机械研究

随着农业生物工程技术在农业生产中的应用,从90年代到下一个世纪农业将会发生一次新的“绿色革命”。本文简述了随着农业生物工程技术的发展和应用,将可能对农业机械的研究与开发以及农业机械化的发展产生的影响。     

Ancient Polyploidy and Modern Crop Plants

The growing set of fully-sequenced angiosperm genomes highlight the role of polyploidy in angiosperm evolution, and suggest that even the high level of importance we had already attributed to this mechanism was inadequate.     

攀缘植物在城市绿化中的应用研究

攀缘植物是园林植物中较为特殊的一个类群,它们的攀缘习性和观赏特性各异,本文从攀缘植物的综合特性出发,论述攀缘植物在城市园林绿化中的选择与应用方法。     

中亚农业水资源脆弱性及其变化特征分析

农业用水是链接自然环境和社会经济发展的重要环节,研究农业水资源脆弱性的时空变化对揭示水资源的可持续开发利用、保障水资源安全、应对洪旱灾害具有重要意义。为研究中亚地区农业水资源脆弱性变化特征,本文以中亚五国为研究区,基于气象、土地覆盖、地形和社会经济数据,依据脆弱性概念框架,从暴露度、敏感度和适应度3个方面选取18个指标,建立了农业水资源脆弱性评价指标体系,采用等权重法和主成分分析法确定指标权重,对1992-2017年中亚农业水资源脆弱性进行了评价及特征分析。结果表明:1)中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间分布表现为"南高北低"的特征,5国中土库曼斯坦农业水资源脆弱性最强,其次为乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦,而哈萨克斯坦农业水资源脆弱性最弱;研究时段内农业水资源脆弱性空间分布格局变化较小。2)中亚农业水资源脆弱性随时间变化表现为"前期升高,中期降低,后期稳定"的态势,整个研究期内研究区农业水资源脆弱性变化类型以相对稳定为主。不同地区农业水资源脆弱性随时间的变化存在差异,吉尔吉斯斯坦西部和土库曼斯坦的农业水资源脆弱性升高,乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦以及咸海地区水资源脆弱性降低,其他地区相对稳定。3)不同地区农业水资源脆弱性对各指标的敏感性不同,北部农业水资源脆弱性动态变化对农田灌溉定额和灌溉指数以负敏感为主,对其他指标以正敏感为主,而南部对各指标的敏感性正负均有;相关性分析表明,森林覆盖率、农业用水比例、农田灌溉定额、水分胁迫指数、灌溉指数和农业水分生产率是导致中亚农业水资源脆弱性空间差异的重要因素。4)为降低农业水资源脆弱性,中亚地区需发展集约型农业,调整作物种植结构,推广耐旱品种农作物,进行节水灌溉。研究结果可为中亚农业水资源规划管理、农业生产布局调整以及农业可持续发展提供参考依据。     

Growth and competitiveness of the New Zealand tree species Podocarpus cunninghamii is reduced by ex-agricultural AMF but enhanced by forest AMF

The composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities found in agricultural systems has been found to be very different to that of forest. The implications of this, if any, for the restoration of indigenous forest on ex-agricultural land is poorly understood. This study investigated the effect that AMF communities isolated from ex-agricultural and forest soils have on the growth of an indigenous New Zealand tree species (Podocarpus cunninghamii). The forest AMF community was isolated from a remnant stand of P. cunninghamii forest and the ex-agricultural AMF from a retired grazing grassland. In addition, the study examined how the two AMF communities affected the competitiveness of P. cunninghamii when grown in competition with an invasive grass species (Agrostis capillaris), which is frequently dominant on ex-agricultural land in New Zealand. P. cunninghamii growth was significantly decreased by inoculation with ex-agricultural AMF compared to forest AMF. Furthermore, the forest AMF community was able to significantly increase P. cunninghamii root production when in competition with A. capillaris. The findings suggest that when attempting to restore indigenous forest on ex-agricultural land, inoculation of tree seedlings with appropriate forest AMF may improve their growth and survival.