The Resistance of Chinese Wild Vitis to Uncinula necator and its Inheritance in F1 Generation

By natural field identification, the resistance of Chinese wild Vitis to Uncinula necator and its inheritance in F1 generation were studied with 35 clones of 9 Chinese wild Vitis species, 171 F1 individuals of 4 inter-species cross between Chinese wild Vitis and Vitis vinifera cultivars, and 16 individuals of selfpollinated Chinese wild Vitis. Results showed that the phenotypes of resistance to Uncinula necator in Chinese wild Vitis and its F1 generation were rich and diverse. Based on the segregation of resisitance to Uncinula necator in the progenies resulted from both interspecific hybridization and self-pollination, of Chinese native wild Vitis species and clones were controlled by polygenes showing dominant independent heredity. Minor resistant genes were also exist in Chinese wild susceptible Vitis species and clones.     

银柴胡主要病虫害研究初报

（1宁夏绿苑沙生药用植物研究所,灵武 751410;2宁夏农科院植保所,银川 750002）     

Coincidence of maximum severity of powdery mildew on grape leaves and the carbohydrate sink‐to‐source transition

Grapevine leaves infected with powdery mildew are a source of inoculum for fruit infection. Leaves emerging on a single primary shoot of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon were exposed to average glasshouse temperatures of 18°C (0·23 leaves emerging/day) or 25°C (0·54 leaves emerging/day). All leaves on 8–10 shoots with approximately 20 leaves each were inoculated with Erysiphe necator conidia to assess disease severity after 14 days in the 25°C glasshouse. Two photosynthetic ‘source’ leaves per shoot on the remaining 8–10 shoots were treated with ¹⁴CO₂ to identify, by autoradiography, the leaf position completing the carbohydrate sink‐to‐source transition. There was a clear association between the mean modal leaf position for maximum severity of powdery mildew (position 3·7 for 18°C; position 4·4 for 25°C) and the mean position of the leaf completing the sink‐to‐source transition (position 3·8 for 18°C; position 4·7 for 25°C). The mean modal leaf position for the maximum percentage of conidia germinating to form secondary hyphae was 4·2 for additional plants grown in the 25°C glasshouse. A higher rate of leaf emergence resulted in a greater proportion of diseased leaves per shoot. A Bayesian model, consisting of component models for disease severity and leaf ontogenic resistance, had parameters representing the rate and magnitude of pathogen colonization that differed for shoots developing in different preinoculation environments. The results support the hypothesis that the population of leaves in a vineyard capable of supporting substantial pathogen colonization will vary according to conditions for shoot development.     

欧亚种葡萄自交F1代对白粉病和霜霉病的抗性遗传

采用田间自然鉴定、田间接种鉴定及室内离体叶圆片接种鉴定三种方法,研究了10个欧亚种葡萄品种(系)、一个欧山杂种及其493株自交后代幼苗对葡萄霜霉病及白粉病的抗性及遗传关系,同时对其自交后代抗白粉病和霜霉病的遗传趋势进行了分析.结果表明,供试品种(系)及其自交后代对霜霉病与白粉病的抗性存在极显著相关,自交后代对两病表现伴随遗传现象,初步推断这可能是由葡萄抗病基因的多效性引起.在欧亚种葡萄品种自交后代群体中,虽然90%以上都是感病性中等或高的类型,但仍能够得到一定比例(10%以下)抗病性强的类型,这为利用欧亚种葡萄品种进行自交或品种间杂交选育优质抗病新品种提供了依据.     

国内葡萄白粉病菌对戊唑醇的抗药性研究

为明确国内葡萄白粉病菌(Erysiphe necator)对戊唑醇的抗药性,采用实时荧光定量PCR,基于对葡萄白粉病菌CYP51基因第495位点突变A495T的检测,分析国内5个省份分离获得的134株菌株对戊唑醇的抗药性,利用孢子萌发法测定供试菌株对戊唑醇的敏感性,分析2种方法结果的相关性。结果表明,实时荧光定量PCR方法检测到国内葡萄白粉病菌对戊唑醇已出现抗药性,抗性频率为35.07%,不同地区存在差异。孢子萌发法结果显示,供试菌株对戊唑醇的EC₅₀范围为0.085～280.917μg/mL,均值为24.208μg/mL,不同地区菌株对戊唑醇的敏感性差异较大,EC₅₀最大值和最小值之比为2.5～3304。孢子萌发法与实时荧光定量PCR方法间的检测结果趋势一致并显著相关。     

葡萄感白粉病基因的RAPD标记及其序列分析

【目的】为葡萄抗白粉病育种的辅助选择提供理论依据。【方法】以抗病的中国野生葡萄白河-35-1与感病的欧洲葡萄佳利酿杂交亲本及其F1、F2代为试材,通过对520个随机引物的筛选,从佳利酿中获得了葡萄感白粉病基因的RAPD标记OPV06-1100,并在欧洲葡萄、中国野生华东葡萄和美洲野生葡萄中进行了分析验证。【结果】经克隆、测序,RAPD标记OPV06-1100实际长度为1 016 bp。该标记与欧洲葡萄黄酮醇合成酶基因有92%的同源性,与13条欧洲葡萄叶片非生物胁迫数据库的EST序列有89%~97%的同源性;与3条来自欧洲葡萄感染葡萄皮尔斯病原菌后转录反应获得的EST序列有93%~95%的同源性;与拟南芥感白粉病基因PMR6序列有27.1%的同源性。【结论】OPV06-1100为葡萄属植物感白粉病基因的RAPD标记。该标记为认识葡萄感病基因和基因组以及标记辅助育种奠定基础。     

Effects of radiation,especially ultraviolet B,on conidial germination and mycelial growth of grape powdery mildew

Conidia ofUncinula necator inoculated on vine leaf disks were exposed to different irradiation conditions during various combinations of irradiation periods. In controlled experiments at constant leaf temperature spore germination and mycelial growth were negatively affected by the UV B doses, irrespective of the exposition duration. In semi-controlled condition experiments, conidia were exposed to shaded, sunny and sunny without UV B radiation conditions. Shaded conditions were always more favourable to spore germination and mycelial growth than sunny conditions. Under two different ranges of temperature (20–24 and 26–31 °C for shaded conditions), the effect of radiation on germination and mycelial growth differed. Thus, the effect of radiation on spore germination and mycelial growth seems to be affected by temperature. In general, radiation effects increased as the number of exposition periods increased, indicating that both spore germination and mycelial growth were reduced, but not totally stopped by the different exposures. Germination was most affected by exposures applied just after inoculation, whereas mycelial growth was most affected by exposures applied one day after inoculation. These results indicate that radiation is an important factor to consider for a better understanding of the relationships between climate and grape powdery mildew epidemics.     

欧亚种葡萄对霜霉病与白粉病的抗性遗传关系

利用配对设计方法 ,田间人工接种 ,系统地研究了 7个欧亚种葡萄品种和 3个品系自交后代对霜霉病与白粉病的抗性分布。结果表明 :供试品种 (系 )后代对霜霉病和白粉病抗病性分布之间存在极显著相关 ,即自交后代对两种病害的抗病性属于伴随遗传现象 ,并初步证明这种伴随遗传现象是由葡萄抗病基因的多效性引起的。