应用超声波破碎苏云金芽孢杆菌试验

用超声波对一定浓度的苏云金芽孢杆菌的营养细胞和芽孢进行破碎试验,结果表明:在试验条件下,超声波破碎达到95%以上的破碎率所需时间为30~50min,尤其是菌液浓度为每毫升50亿,用Φ10变幅杆破碎,40min破碎率可达99.9%。而细菌的芽孢,无论是采用幅杆Φ6或Φ10,其破碎效果不明显。     

钢管混凝土超声波检测试验

阐述了超声波检测钢管混凝土质量的基本原理，以及带有各种缺陷的钢混凝土试件的制作方法及试件的测试程序。给出了部分试件的实测声学参数和波形。并通过实测波形和声学参数的分析，总结出超声波在带有多种缺陷的钢混凝土中传播时波形和声学参的变化规律，可供采用超声波检测钢混凝土地质量时参考。     

Green color protection of bamboo culms using one-step alkali pretreatment-free process

This study evaluated the protection effectiveness of alcohol-borne reagents for the green color of ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) and moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel). The results show that the types and concentrations of alcohol-borne reagents, the kinds of solvent, and the conditions of treatment greatly affected the green color of these two bamboo species. Without alkali pretreatment, an excellent green color protection (a* = −14.5) was obtained when the ma bamboo culms were treated with 0.5% methanol-borne copper chloride (CuCl₂) at 60°C for 30 min. Similar results were also obtained when ma bamboo culms were treated with 0.5% methanol-borne copper nitrate [Cu(NO₃)₂] at 60°C for 2 h (a* = −13.5). For moso bamboo, an attractive green color in the bamboo culms was achieved by treating the specimens with 1% methanol-borne copper acetate [Cu(CH₃COO)₂] at 60°C for 30 min. The a* value of treated specimens was −13.3. In addition, results demonstrated that ultrasonic treatment was more effective on green color protection than conventional water bath treatment. When moso bamboo was treated with 1% copper acetate at 60°C in an ultrasonic bath for only 15 min, a remarkable green color with an a* value of −13.6 was obtained on the bamboo epidermis.     

超声波辅助提取红松仁油

近年来,超声波辅助提取已成为天然产物分离中一种有效的方法.本文研究了利用超声波辅助提取技术从红松仁中提取红松仁油的工艺条件,系统分析了超声频率、提取温度、提取时间和料液比等参数对红松仁油提取率的影响.结果表明,最佳的提取条件为:超声频率为32 000 Hz,超声温度为80 ℃,超声时间为50 min,料液比为1:30.     

黑木耳多糖功效与提取方法

叙述了黑木耳的营养成分及其活性成分木耳多糖的功效和现实价值，并总结了木耳多糖目前的提取方法，如热水浸提、酸浸提法、碱浸提法、酶法以及一些现代的提取技术，并加以比较；此外，还借鉴了其他领域的一些新技术，提出了对原料粉末粒度进行超微粉碎以加强多糖的提取得率的提议，并由理论分析其可行性和应用前景。     

Use of a foaming disinfectant and cleaner to reduce aerobic bacteria on poultry transport coops

Poultry transportation coops are rarely washed and have been demonstrated to be a point of cross-contamination of broiler carcasses. Foaming disinfectants and cleaners, commonly used within processing plants, may be used to clean and disinfect poultry transportation coops. In this study, homogenized fecal material was evenly applied to the floors of precleaned broiler transportation coops and allowed to dry. Treatments consisted of a water rinse, a foam additive alone, foaming cleaner, and a disinfectant plus a foam additive. All foaming treatments were applied using a compressed air foam system (2,271 L/min; 600 gal/min), similar to what firefighters would use. A high-pressure water rinse (HPWR) was added prior to or following the treatments to determine whether rinsing prior to product application or rinsing after product application would improve efficacy. Based on our data, a compressed air foam system may be used in combination with a commercially available disinfectant or foam cleaner to reduce aerobic bacteria on the surfaces of commercial broiler transportation coops. Furthermore, the addition of a HPWR did not further reduce the level of aerobic bacteria on broiler transportation coop floors.     

大钟寺博物馆钟架的超声波无损检测

利用超声波技术现场测定北京大钟寺博物馆永乐大钟大型木结构钟架的弹性模量，并对其力学强度的变化做出了评估，找出相关规律，为超声波用于古建筑木结构的无损检测提供科学依据。     

马铃薯联合收获机环形减损集薯升运装置设计与试验

针对现有马铃薯联合收获机升运输送行程长而导致伤薯率高、破皮率高、机具结构不紧凑等问题,结合北方马铃薯主产区收获模式,设计了一款适用于马铃薯升运作业的环形减损集薯升运装置。在阐述总体结构及工作原理基础上,结合马铃薯运动学模型和碰撞特性分析,得到影响升运效率和薯块损伤的主要因素,通过DEM-MBD耦合构建薯块和装置模型,得到最优参数组合：升运挡板高度为199.21 mm、升运挡板与升运输送带间夹角为75.86°、相邻两升运挡板间距为240.35 mm。台架试验表明：上料量为24 t/h,升运输送带运行速度为0.8、1.0、1.2 m/s时,电子马铃薯采集的碰撞加速度峰值平均值为636.63、593.29、685.63 m/s²,破皮率为1.13%、1.06%、1.21%,碰撞加速度峰值均小于马铃薯临界损伤阈值。田间试验表明：作业速度为0.6、0.7、0.8 m/s时,伤薯率为0.94%、1.06%、1.12%,破皮率为1.09%、1.21%、1.33%,环形减损集薯升运装置运行正常,未出现薯块掉落等现象,各部件配合协调,满足装袋型马铃薯联合收获机高效稳定的作业要求。     

紫云英联合收获物料分离清选机设计与试验

针对紫云英联合收获物料组分构成复杂及其小差异混杂特性,使其在分离清选作业过程中存在高含杂、多损失等问题,提出“先筛分、再气流清”的作业模式,设计了紫云英联合收获物料分离清选机,并对喂料斗出口处料层厚度调节机构、筛分装置、集杂除尘装置等关键部件进行了设计选型与参数计算。基于DEM-CFD耦合数值模拟方法,确定了物料层调节厚度、筛分装置驱振振幅和吸杂管道风量调节手柄挡位等主要影响因素合理的取值范围,运用Minitab进行正交试验设计,以籽粒清洁率和夹带总损失率为响应值,得到影响紫云英联合收获物料分离清选机作业质量的最优因素参数组合：物料层调节厚度为16.8mm、筛分装置驱振振幅为35mm、吸杂管道风量调节手柄在挡位5,此时,籽粒清洁率均值为98.07%,夹带总损失率均值为2.96%,试验结果满足设计要求。     

The potential environmental impact of pesticides removed from sprayers during cleaning

BACKGROUND: There is concern that pesticide residues on the external surfaces of sprayers could have an adverse impact on the environment if they are washed off, yet there is a need to remove these residues for health reasons. The aim of this study was to quantify pesticide residues contained in washings from cleaning discrete parts of a sprayer and to assess their likely environmental impact. RESULTS: The boom/rear of the sprayer and the spray tank accounted for 80% of the total pesticide load in the washings. Predicted environmental pesticide concentrations from sprayer washings were lower than predictions from the FOCUS surface water model for pesticides used under normal agricultural conditions, although for tebuconazole this difference was smaller than for the other compounds investigated. The field area over which the residues may need to be uniformly deposited to avoid overdosing during infield cleaning was typically less than 0.5 m(2), with a maximum value of 4 m(2). CONCLUSIONS: It is unlikely that infield cleaning will lead to overdosing. External residues are not insignificant, so any adverse impact on the environment must be mitigated. Appropriate measures include cleaning in the field away from surface waters and other sensitive areas, and cleaning machines over bunded areas or similar.