A simple procedure for 15N determinations in relatively large samples by emission spectrometry

Abstract

Discharge tubes containing argon, and NH₃ separated from atmospheric N₂ by condensation in a liquid‐nitrogen—cooled trap, are used to determine ¹⁵N: ¹⁴N ratios in ammonium solutions. Reduction of NH₃ to N₂ during sample preparation is not required; the dissociation of NH₃ in the discharge tube produces sufficiently intense N₂ band spectra for the isotope analysis. The method can be readily applied to the analysis of ammonium solutions derived from Kjeldahl digests of plant material.     

四川省广元市不同土地利用类型的碳排放效应研究

利用土地利用变化及能源消耗资料,采用直接碳排放系数法,对四川省广元市近20a的不同土地利用类型的碳排放效应进行了估算。结果表明,在土地利用变化的影响下,该区域碳排放量明显增加,从1990年的2.11×107 t增长到2010年的3.98×107 t,增长幅度为88.9%;建设用地是主要的碳源,碳排放量从1990年的2.73×107 t迅速增长到2010年的4.91×107 t,其碳排放量占总碳排放量的99%以上,平均年增长速度为1.09×106 t;林地作为最大的碳汇,20a间有所增长,但水域、草地、未利用地碳汇效益不明显;从碳排放的空间格局来看,市中心区利州区的碳排放量最大,年平均碳排放量1.60×107 t。依据相关研究结果,提出了减少广元市碳排放量的相关建议。     

Nitrogen fluxes during the initial stage of willows and poplars in short‐rotation coppices

Among energy crops, short‐rotation coppices (SRC) are recommended to provide renewable energy. Compared to annual crops, willows and poplars are regarded as plants with low requirements for nutrients, herbicides, pesticides, and soil maintenance. However, only little is known about N‐fertilizer effects on SRC and the few studies are even inconsistent. Therefore, we studied the effects of N on yields of willows and poplars in a field experiment. The effects of N fertilization on nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions from the loamy‐sand soil were also measured. Cuttings of willows (Salix viminalis clone Inger) and poplars (Populus maximovizcii × P. nigra clone max 4) were planted on farmland in 2008. The experiment was arranged in a random block design with three levels of N fertilizer (0, 50, and 75 kg N ha^–1 y^–1). After 2 y, the trees were harvested for the first time. Fertilization did not affect the yields of willows or poplars. However, the application of 75 kg N ha^–1 y^–1 caused an average increase of N leaching in the willow and poplar plots of 25 kg N ha^–1 y^–1 and 40 kg N ha^–1 y^–1, respectively. Emissions of N₂O were increased by a maximum of only 0.2 kg N ha^–1 y^–1. Further, the N fertilizer stimulated the growth of the weed biomass in case of the willow plots by 46% and of the weed N content by 52% (r = 0.53). In conclusion, in the first 2 y, SRC could be produced in a more effective and environmentally friendly manner without mineral fertilizer.     

京郊典型设施蔬菜地N2O排放规律及影响因素研究

为明确典型设施蔬菜地N2O排放规律及其影响因素,采用静态箱法,对北京郊区典型设施菜地番茄生长季进行了系统的观测,并分析了氮肥施用量、土壤温度、土壤水分对土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明:设施番茄地N2O排放具有明显的生长季变异性,随着施肥和灌溉事件呈现多峰的动态变化规律。与农民习惯施肥处理(FP)相比,减氮施肥处理(OPT)能减少N2O排放总量41.67%,减氮施肥+硝化抑制剂处理(OPT+DCD)则能减少N2O排放总量54.46%;各处理N2O的排放系数介于0.55%～1.15%之间;土壤N2O排放与土壤湿度表现出显著的相关性,但与土壤温度未表现出明显相关性。     

不同水稻、小麦品种对N2O排放的影响

Plant species of cropping systems may affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate dynamics of N2O emissions from rice-wheat fields from December 2006 to June 2007 and the relationship between soil and plant parameters with N2O emissions. The results indicated that N2O emissions from different wheat varieties ranged from 12 to 291 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1 and seasonal N2O emissions ranged from 312 to 385 mg N2O-N m-2. In the rice season, it was from 11 to 154 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1 with seasonal N2O emission of 190--216 mg N2O-N m-2. The seasonal integrated flux of N2O differed significantly among wheat and rice varieties. The wheat variety HUW 234 and rice variety Joymoti showed higher seasonal N2O emissions. In the wheat season, N2O emissions correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC), soil NO3--N, soil temperature, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. Among the variables assessed, soil temperature followed by SOC and soil NO3--N were considered as the important variables influencing N2O emission. N2O emission in the rice season was significantly correlated with SOC, soil NO3--N, soil temperature, leaf area, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. The main driving forces influencing N2O emission in the rice season were soil NO3--N, leaf area, and SOC.     

EGR对轻型柴油机缸内燃烧及排放性能影响的可视化

为探索EGR对轻型柴油机小负荷工况下缸内燃烧及排放性能的影响规律,该文以某高压共轨轻型柴油机为样机,搭建柴油机缸内工作过程可视化研究平台,通过缸内燃烧过程高速摄影、缸内示功图采集及放热率计算分析了EGR对轻型车用柴油机燃烧过程及排放性能的影响规律。研究表明:通过所搭建的柴油机缸内工作工程可视化平台可以直观的分析柴油机缸内喷雾燃烧过程。小负荷工况条件下,随着EGR率的增加,滞燃期缩短,柴油机缸内燃烧持续期延长,燃烧后期平均温度上升,缸内压力峰值、瞬时放热率峰值均降低,与EGR率为10%时相比,EGR率40%时NOX、HC和CO排放分别下降了65.6%,46.4%和8.7%,而炭烟的排放先减小后增大,EGR率超过30%后炭烟排放及燃油经济性出现恶化。该研究可为有效降低柴油机排放提供参考。     

可变压缩比对增压中冷柴油机性能影响的模拟分析

为计算可变压缩比技术对柴油机燃油经济性和排放性能的影响,该文通过GT-Power软件,对一台装备有中冷废气再循环系统和可变几何涡轮增压系统的C6.6重型柴油机进行了建模和仿真分析,并采用了直喷燃烧预测模型对模型的有效性进行了验证。研究结果表明,可变压缩比技术使柴油机中、低负荷下燃油经济性的改善可达7.2%,再结合适当的废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)率和可变几何涡轮增压系统(variable geometry turbocharger,VGT)控制策略,柴油机的NOx和颗粒物的排放性能可达到欧洲5号标准瞬态测试循环(european transient cycle,ETC)中的排放要求。因此,可变压缩比技术可以有效改善直喷柴油机的燃油经济性,提高排放性能。     

乙醇/柴油混合燃料燃烧过程与排放试验研究

在YZ4DB3柴油机上,通过测量燃用乙醇/柴油混合燃料的示功图和排放污染物,分析了燃烧过程与排放污染物的变化规律。结果表明,随着乙醇掺混比例的增加,乙醇/柴油混合燃料的滞燃期延长,燃烧终点提前,燃烧持续期缩短。小负荷时,与柴油相比,E10和E20的最大爆发压力分别下降了0.2、0.4MPa,扩散燃烧放热率峰值升高;全负荷时,与柴油相比,乙醇/柴油混合燃料的最大爆发压力变化不大,预混燃烧放热率峰值升高。与燃用柴油相比,掺混乙醇能明显降低烟度,NOx排放变化不大;HC和CO排放随着乙醇掺混比例的增加而升高,小负荷时较明显。乙醇/柴油混合燃料的燃料消耗率与燃用柴油的燃油消耗率基本相同。     

生物质成型燃料三次配风锅炉的设计及低NOx排放效果

根据生物质原料的燃烧特性,采用三次配风锅炉,研究污染性气体及热损失随三次配风比例与进给量的变化特征。结果表明:调节三次配风的比例,可以有效改变NOx的质量浓度,当一次风、二次风和三次风进给比例为7:1:2,NOx的排放浓度达到最低,为83.45mg/m3。随着过剩空气系数(αpy)的增大,SO2、NOx的排放浓度逐渐减小,烟尘排放浓度逐渐增大,锅炉总热损失呈现先减小后增大的趋势。当αpy值为1.75时,锅炉的热损失最小,为13.8%,此时,SO2、NOx和烟尘排放质量浓度分别为29.29、83.03和74.90mg/m3,为生物质成型燃料清洁低NOx排放燃烧锅炉的设计和运行提供了依据。     

建立水产养殖碳排量计算模型并以养殖场实证分析的研究

21世纪召开的哥本哈根会议敲响了人类关注环境问题的警钟,面对越来越严重的环境问题,各行业经济发展和社会活动的节能减排势在必行。碳汇渔业作为具有明显碳减排效用的产业,更应该大力的推行和发展。本文了提出水产养殖碳排量计算模型的问卷设计思路以及研究方法等,具体分析了碳汇渔业与低碳渔业技术对于碳减排的重要作用和意义,通过借鉴其他行业的碳排量计算模型建立的经验和方法,设计了并建立了水产养殖碳排量计算模型,利用回收的养殖场低碳问卷的相关数据,计算了各个养殖场的碳排量和投入产出比等相关数据,最后通过对数据的对比分析,得出结论。