秸秆还田下大气CO2浓度升高对水稻生长和CH4排放的影响

【目的】明确秸秆还田下大气CO₂浓度升高对水稻生长和稻田CH₄排放的影响,为气候变化下温室气体排放评估和丰产低碳的稻作技术创新提供理论参考和科学依据。【方法】利用开顶式气室(Open top chamber, OTC)进行田间试验,设置两个CO₂浓度处理,分别为正常大气CO₂浓度处理(简称aCO₂,CO₂浓度约为0.04%)和大气CO₂浓度升高处理(简称eCO₂,CO₂浓度约为0.055%),每个处理的田块混入等量的前茬小麦秸秆,探明秸秆还田下大气CO₂浓度升高对水稻产量等生长特性、稻田CH₄排放及微生物丰度的影响,揭示秸秆还田下大气CO₂浓度升高对CH₄排放的影响机制。【结果】大气CO₂浓度升高显著促进水稻的生长,使剑叶叶面积增加25.0%,地上生物量增加22.0%,产量提高29.0%。大气CO₂浓度升高显著增加了穗数、结实率和千粒重,但对穗粒数影响不显著。秸秆还田下,大气CO₂浓度升高有降低稻田CH₄排放的趋势,使单位产量CH₄排放量降低了39.4%。大气CO₂浓度升高使土壤甲烷氧化关键基因pmoA的拷贝数增加了20.0%,但对甲烷产生关键基因mcrA的拷贝数影响较小。【结论】秸秆还田条件下,未来大气CO₂浓度升高不仅提高了水稻产量,而且有利于减少稻田温室气体CH₄的排放。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural land use in Germany— a synthesis of available annual field data

The nations that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol must set up an appropriate national inventory on N₂O emissions from agricultural land use, in order to report properly on the achievements made in reducing greenhouse‐gas emissions. The search for the appropriate method is a controversial topic as it is subject to high uncertainty in particular associated to the upscaling from site measurements. In this study, all available data from Germany on annual N₂O‐emission rates derived from field experiments of at least an entire year are summarized. From each study, only differences in soil properties on N input qualified as an individual data set. Under these premises, 101 treatments from 27 sites were found equally spread across Germany. The annual N application ranged from 0 to 400 kg N ha^–1 and the annual emission rates from 0.04 to 17.1 kg ha^–1. Annual emission factors (EFs), uncorrected for background emission, varied considerably from 0.18% to 15.54% of N applied. There was no nationwide correlation found for the relationship between N₂O losses and N application, soil C, soil N, soil texture, or soil pH. However, site‐specific trends in the relationship between emission factor and mean soil aeration status, as expressed by the soil type and/or mean climatic conditions, were revealed. Regularly water‐logged soils were characterized by low emission factors as were soils from the drier regions (<600 mm y^–1), whereas well‐aerated soils from the frost‐intensive regions showed exceptionally high emission factors. Since purely physical and chemical parameterization failed to describe N₂O emissions from agricultural land use on the national scale, there must be a biological adaptation to mean site conditions, i.e., different microbial communities react differently to similar actual conditions in terms of N₂O dynamics. Regardless of the point of view, the chapter on N₂O soil dynamics cannot be closed yet, and new additional model concepts, process studies, and field measurements are needed.     

Volatile organic compounds in the roots and rhizosphere of Pinus spp.

Plant roots normally release a complex mixture of chemicals which have important effects in the rhizosphere. Among these different root-emitted compounds, volatile isoprenoids have received very little attention, yet they may play important and diverse roles in the rhizosphere, contributing to the regulation of microbial activity and nutrient availability. It is therefore important to estimate their abundance in the rhizosphere, but so far, there is no reliable sampling method that can be used to measure realistic rates of root emissions from plants growing in field conditions, or even in pots. Here, we measured root content of volatile isoprenoids (specifically monoterpenes) for Pinus pinea, and explored the feasibility of using a dynamic bag enclosure method to measure emissions from roots of intact pot-grown plants with different degrees of root cleaning. We also investigated a passive diffusion method for exploring monoterpenes in soil at incremental distances from mature Pinus sylvestris trees growing in field conditions. Total monoterpene content of P. pinea roots was 415±50 μg g⁻¹ fresh wt in an initial screening study, and between 688±103 and 1144±208 μg g⁻¹ dry wt in subsequent investigations. Emissions from shaken-clean roots of intact plants and roots of intact plants washed to remove remaining soil after shaken-clean experiments were 119±14 and 26±5 μg g⁻¹ dry wt h⁻¹, respectively. Emissions from intact roots in soil-balls were an order of magnitude lower than from shaken-clean roots, and probably reflected the amount of emitted compounds taken up by physical, chemical or biological processes in the soil matrix surrounding the roots. Although monoterpene content was not significantly different in droughted roots, emission rates from droughted roots were generally significantly lower than from well-watered roots. Finally, passive sampling of monoterpenes in the soil at different distances from mature P. sylvestris trees in field conditions showed significantly decreasing sampling rates with increasing distance from the trunk. We conclude that it is feasible to measure volatile isoprenoid emissions from roots but the method of root preparation affects magnitude of measured emissions and therefore must be decided according to the application. We also conclude that the rhizosphere of Pinus species is a strong and previously un-characterized source of volatile isoprenoid emissions and these are likely to impact significantly on rhizosphere function.     

废气再循环改善生物柴油发电机的经济性和排放性

在单缸风冷四冲程柴油发电机上,采用0、16%、28%EGR(exhaust gas recirculation,废气再循环)率,分别以柴油和生物柴油为燃料进行了试验,测试并分析了经济性,NOx、HC、CO和烟度的排放性能。研究表明:生物柴油油耗高于柴油,在0、16%和28%EGR率时,生物柴油的体积油耗平均高出柴油约9%、10%和17%;与无废气再循环相比,16%和28%EGR率时,燃用柴油平均可减少NOx约17%和35%,燃用生物柴油平均可减少NOx约10%和24%,生物柴油的NOx排放量高于柴油平均约6.5%和17%;燃用柴油时随EGR率增大,HC的排放量增大,16%和28%EGR率时,生物柴油的HC排放低于柴油平均约6%和28.5%;28%EGR率时,生物柴油CO排放量低于柴油,平均降低约24%;随EGR率增大,生物柴油的烟度增大,燃用生物柴油在小负荷和中负荷时烟度高于柴油。     

日本氮素的循环和流向以及减少N2O散发和NO3-污染的对策

To feed an increasing population, large amounts of chemical nitrogen fertilizer have been used to produce much of our food, feed and fiber thereby increasing nitrogen levels in soils, natural waters, crop residues, livestock wastes, and municipal and agricultural wastes, with national and international concern about its potential adverse effects on environmental quality and public health. To understand these phenomena and problems, first the nitrogen cycle and the environment are described. Then recent trends for nitrogen cycling through the food and feed system, N₂O emissions from fertilized upland and paddy soils, and NO₃^- pollution in ground water in Japan are reported. Finally, mitigation strategies in Japan for reducing N₂O emission and NO₃^- pollution are proposed, including nitrification inhibitors, controlled release fertilizers, utilization of plant species that could suppress nitrification, utilizing the toposequence, government policy, and appropriate agricultural practices. Of all the technologies presented, use of nitrification inhibitors and controlled release fertilizers are deemed the most important with further development of these aspects of technologies being expected. These practices, if employed worldwide, could help reduce the load, or environmental deterioration, on the Earth''s biosphere.     

基于APSIM的华北平原不同种植模式下主要温室气体排放效应评估

使用APSIM作物模型,模拟1981−2014年华北平原夏玉米、冬小麦−夏玉米、冬小麦−夏玉米−早播玉米1（提前10d）、冬小麦−夏玉米−早播玉米2（提前20d）四种种植模式下土壤有机碳（SOC）变化、土壤氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放、土壤温室气体排放和产量的变化。结果表明：四种种植模式中,1981−2014年华北平原夏玉米种植模式下土壤N₂O排放量最小（514.81kg·hm⁻²）、土壤主要温室气体平均排放量最少（0.30MgCO_2-eq·hm⁻²）;冬小麦−夏玉米−早播玉米1（提前10d）种植模式下土壤有机碳平均变化量最少,为120.78kg·hm⁻²;冬小麦−夏玉米−早播玉米2（提前20d）种植模式的土壤主要温室气体平均排放量次之,为0.76MgCO_2-eq·hm⁻²;四种种植模式中,冬小麦−夏玉米种植模式的平均产量最高,为23405.47kg·hm⁻²;夏玉米种植模式下土壤主要温室气体排放效应最好（GHG=0.02 MgCO_2-eq·hm⁻²）,冬小麦−夏玉米−早播玉米2（提前20d）种植模式次之（GHG=0.04 MgCO_2-eq·hm⁻²）;在保证产量的前提下,考虑粮食安全、资源节约和环境友好各方面,冬小麦−夏玉米−早播玉米2（提前20d）两年三熟种植模式是华北平原较为理想的种植制度。     

柴油机燃用F-T柴油/生物柴油混合燃料的燃烧及排放特性

为探究生物柴油对柴油机燃用F-T柴油燃烧过程和排放性能的影响,配制F-T柴油/生物柴油混合燃料(B10F-T、B20F-T、B30F-T),在柴油机上进行试验。结果表明：随着生物柴油掺混比增大,缸内最大爆发压力逐渐增加。与F-T柴油相比,生物柴油掺混比分别为10%、20%、30%时,缸内最大爆发压力分别增加1.9%、5.1%、6.9%,对应的时刻轻微滞后,且放热始点后移,放热率峰值增大。生物柴油掺混比由0增加到30%,燃烧过程滞燃期延长1 ℃A,燃烧始点后移,燃烧持续期略微升高,由35.4 ℃A增加到36.1 ℃A,燃烧重心由4.8 ℃A后移到5.9 ℃A,缸内最大燃烧温度由1 872 K升高到1 951 K。在中高负荷时,碳烟排放随生物柴油掺混比增大而明显降低。在F-T柴油中掺混生物柴油可以有效地降低HC和CO排放,HC和CO排放随生物柴油掺混比增大几乎呈线性下降趋势。随着负荷继续增加,混合燃料的HC和CO排放均逐渐下降,在75%负荷时,与燃用F-T柴油相比,生物柴油掺混比分别为10%、20%、30%时,CO排放分别降低2.9%、7.8%、12.1%。在不同负荷工况下,随着生物柴油掺混比例的增加,NOX排放均呈上升的趋势,且在高负荷工况下NOX排放上升更加明显。     

添加生物炭对海南燥红壤N2O和CO2排放的影响

为探讨海南燥红壤N_2O和CO_2排放对生物炭添加的响应,通过室内培养试验分析生物炭加入后对土壤化学性质、NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量以及N_2O和CO_2排放通量及累积排放量的影响。试验设置CK(不施生物炭)、B1(2%生物炭)、B2(4%生物炭)、B3(6%生物炭)4个处理。结果表明:添加生物炭后,土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量显著提高,较CK增幅分别为67.4%～246.6%、38.6%～90.9%和696.0%～1 764.7%。相比于CK,不同量生物炭添加后均导致了NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N含量降低,总体上,不同处理NH_4~+-N浓度表现为CKB3B2B1,NO_3~--N含量表现为CKB1B2B3;随培养时间增加,各处理NH_4~+-N浓度呈下降趋势,NO_3~--N含量呈上升趋势。生物炭施用延后了N_2O排放通量出现峰值的时间。各处理之间N_2O和CO_2排放通量的变化过程大致表现出一致的趋势,即随培养时间延长,N_2O排放通量先升高后降低,CO_2排放通量先升高后趋于稳定。和CK相比,生物炭添加不同程度地促进了N_2O和CO_2排放,B1、B2和B3处理下N_2O累积排放量分别增加了399.2%、494.2%和194.5%,CO_2排放总量分别增加了87.6%、153.3%和147.6%。本研究结果显示,生物炭施用短期内促进了土壤N_2O和CO_2的排放通量。     

Influence of impregnating wood particles with mimosa bark extract on some properties of particleboard

In this study, influence of impregnating wood particles with mimosa bark extract on the some properties of particleboard was investigated. Properties evaluated were modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond (IB), thickness swelling (TS), and formaldehyde emission (FE). The results showed that particleboards made from particles impregnated with mimosa bark extract had significantly lower mechanical, physical and formaldehyde emission values than those of the boards made from unimpregnated particles. Brushing of mimosa bark extract to the surfaces and edges of the particleboards did not affect the mechanical properties, statistically. However, this application caused a significant improvement in the thickness swelling and formaldehyde emission.