不同保护性耕作模式对农田的温室气体净排放的影响

 【目的】研究吉林省不同保护性耕作模式农田的温室气体的净排放。【方法】以吉林省玉米主产区农田4种保护性耕作模式（玉米留茬垄侧种植技术、玉米宽窄行交替休闲种植技术、玉米留茬直播种植技术和玉米灭高茬深松整地种植技术）为例,分别计算土壤固碳量、农田土壤温室气体排放量及农业物资投入造成的温室气体排放量,并系统计算其温室气体净排放。【结果】4种保护性耕作模式均提高了耕层土壤有机碳（SOC）的含量,其中,玉米宽窄行交替休闲种植技术（CT2）固碳潜力最大,土壤有机碳含量提高了1 955.07 kg C&;#8226;hm-2&;#8226;a-1,玉米留茬直播种植技术（CT3）固碳能力最小,仅提高了1 492.26 kg C&;#8226;hm-2&;#8226;a-1,传统耕作模式（CK）则减少了173.70 kg C&;#8226;hm-2&;#8226;a-1;4种保护性耕作模式的CO2排放当量（CO2-eq）排放总量平均为5 259.25 kg&;#8226;hm-2&;#8226;a-1,而CK的CO2-eq排放总量为5 367.96 kg&;#8226;hm-2&;#8226;a-1;4种模式的温室气体排放均主要发生在农业生产物资投入环节,其中氮肥投入为主要的排放促进因素。综合计算表明,4种保护性耕作模式的温室气体减排潜力不同,CT2的温室气体减排潜力最大,其CO2-eq减排量为1 897.56 kg&;#8226;hm-2&;#8226;a-1,而CT3则最小,其CO2-eq减排量为225.75 kg&;#8226;hm-2&;#8226;a-1,而CK模式则为-6 004.87 kg&;#8226;hm-2&;#8226;a-1。【结论】吉林省4种保护性耕作模式均提高SOC含量,且抵消了土壤和物资投入排放的温室气体,是温室气体的汇,而传统耕作没有提高SOC含量,没有抵消土壤和物资投入排放的温室气体,是一个温室气体源。     

大豆N_2O释放与光照度和光合作用的关系

采用分隔式封闭箱法,测定盆栽大豆植株氧化亚氮(N2O)通量以及光照度、光合速率和气孔导度的日变化。同时,观测田间大豆—土壤系统在主要生长阶段N2O释放的变化。在温室里,大豆植株N2O释放在上午10:00时出现一个高峰;中午时N2O释放量较低,此时光照度和光合速率都保持在较高的水平上;在14:00时,N2O释放量达到低谷,光照度达到最大,但光合速率却处于很低的水平;在15:00时,植株N2O的释放达到第二个高峰,但光照度和光合速率却处于快速下降期。结果表明:植物N2O的释放不仅与光合作用的光反应有关,而且也与暗反应有关。上午10:00以后植株N2O释放通量与气孔导度变化没有一致的关系。在大豆生长季,大豆—土壤系统N2O释放通量有两个高峰,第一个峰出现在6月中下旬,第二个高峰出现在9月下旬。     

基于超声波传播特性的液态食品质量检测系统研制

研制了一个适用于液态食品超声波传播特性检测的装置，利用超声脉冲发射和接收测定液态食品的超声传播速度、声衰减和声阻抗。声速检测采用比较法，相对误差小于0.5%。利用声传播途径通过方程计算声衰减和声阻抗，计算中考虑了传播过程的声反射和声透射，结果具有一定的准确性。利用该装置研究发现苹果汁饮料中原果汁浓度与声速有良好的线性相关，具较好的实用性，可以应用于食品质量的超声检测。     

Emission of CO2, CH4 and N2O from lakeshore soils in an Antarctic dry valley

We measured soil profile concentrations and emission of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O from soils along a lakeshore in Garwood Valley, Antarctica, to assess the extent and biogeochemical significance of biogenic gas emission to C and N cycling processes. Simultaneous emission of all three gases from the same site indicated that aerobic and anaerobic processes occurred in different layers or different parts of each soil profile. The day and location of high gas concentrations in the soil profile corresponded to those having high gas emission, but the pattern of concentration with depth in the soil profile was not consistent across sites. That the highest gas concentrations were not always in the deepest soil layer suggests either limited production or gas diffusion in the deeper layers. Emission of CO₂ was as high as 47 μmol m⁻² min⁻¹ and was strongly related to soil temperature. Soil respiration differed significantly according to location on the lakeshore, suggesting that factors other than environmental variables, such as the amount and availability of O₂ and nutrients, play an important role in C mineralization processes in these soils. High surface emission (maximum: 15 μmol m⁻² min⁻¹) and profile gas concentration (maximum: 5780 μL L⁻¹) of CH₄ were at levels comparable to those in resource-rich temperate ecosystems, indicating an active indigenous population of methanogenic organisms. Emission of N₂O was low and highly variable, but the presence of this gas and NO₃ in some of the soils suggest that denitrification and nitrification occur there. No significant relationships between N₂O emission and environmental variables were found. It appears that considerable C and N turnover occurs in the lakeshore soils, and accurate accounting will require measurements of aerobic and anaerobic mineralization. The production and emission of biogenic gases confirm the importance of these soils as hotspots of biological activity in the dry valleys and probable reservoirs of biological diversity.     

Effect of the herbicide butachlor on methane emission and ebullition flux from a direct-seeded flooded rice field

 Application of a commercial formulation of the herbicide butachlor (N-butoxymethyl-2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl acetanilide) at 1 kg a.i. ha^–1 to an alluvial soil planted with direct-seeded flooded rice (cv. Annada), significantly inhibited both crop-mediated emission and ebullition fluxes of methane (CH₄). Over a cropping period of 110 days, the crop-mediated cumulative emission flux of CH₄ was lowered by ∼20% in butachlor-treated field plots compared with that of an untreated control. Concurrently, ebollition flux of CH₄ was also retarded in butachlor-treated field plots by about 81% compared with that of control plots. Significant relationships existed between CH₄ emission and redox potential (E _h) and Fe²⁺ content of the flooded soil. Application of butachlor retarded a drop in soil redox potential as well as accumulation of Fe²⁺ in treated field plots. Methanogenic bacterial population, counted at the maturity stage of the crop, was also low in butachlor-treated plots, indicating both direct and indirect inhibitory effects of butachlor on methanogenic bacterial populations and their activity. Results indicate that butachlor, even at field-application level, can effectively abate CH₄ emission and ebollition from flooded soils planted to rice whilst maintaining grain yield. Received: 15 March 2000     

Micrometeorological mass balance technique for measuring CH4 emission from stored cattle slurry

Methane (CH₄) emissions from stored slurry were successfully measured by a micrometeorological mass balance technique. Emissions during autumn to late winter ranged from 2 to 100kgCH₄-Cha^–1day^–1. Diurnal variations of CH₄ emissions were investigated by measuring emissions at several times during the day, correlated with slurry temperatures at 10cm depth and successfully modelled with the Arrhenius equation. Received: 18 June 1996     

Influence of tillage system on denitrification in maize-cropped soils

Denitrification losses show an irregular pattern through the year, often being caused by climatic conditions and management practices. The objectives of the present work were to quantify denitrification losses and to determine the influence of tillage system on the factors that control denitrification in fertilized soils. The modal profile of the soil was an Vertic Argiudoll, clay loam texture, located in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. The treatments were: (a) fertilized, (b) incorporated fertilization and (c) without fertilization for both no tillage and conventional tillage systems. Chambers were placed in the field to measure denitrification. In this clayish soil the estimated mean values of accumulated denitrification during the crop cycle (90 days) were 0.190kgNha^–1 for conventional tillage and 0.350kgNha^–1 for no tillage. In treatments with no tillage, losses by denitrification were approximately twice those of conventional tillage. These differences were also evidenced by the number of microorganisms, which were significantly higher (P<>;5%) for no tillage on all dates, except for at flowering. The increase at flowering coincided with the period of highest rainfall and consequently the highest water contents in the soil. The highest denitrification losses, except for sowing, were measured when soil moisture content was more than 30% (v/v). Denitrification increased in conjunction with an increase in the availability of carbon that is consumed by the heterotrophic microorganisms (including the denitrifiers). Received: 30 July 1996     

车削刀具磨损声发射信号的云特征分析

针对刀具磨损状态监测和磨损量预测研究中特征提取这一关键技术,该文提出了基于云理论的信号特征提取方法。首先,采用小波包分析对声发射信号进行信号分解和重构,滤除噪声对提取特征参数的影响;其次根据重构信号的统计分布特性,利用逆向云算法提取信号敏感频带的期望值、熵及超熵云特征参数,定量分析刀具在不同切削条件下3种云特征参数随磨损量增大所呈现的变化规律;最后,通过散点图分析3种特征参数表征刀具磨损声发射信号的有效性。结果表明:刀具磨损声发射信号具有明显的云特性,3种云特征参数与刀具磨损状态具有明显的对应关系,可作为刀具磨损状态监测、磨损量预测的特征参数;云理论在刀具磨损监测领域的应用,扩大了知识的表示范围。     

黄土丘陵区农村节能吊炕的环境经济效益分析

节能吊炕在改善室内热舒适性的同时,降低农户的经济支出和生态环境的破坏。通过在甘肃庄浪县2个村的6户农家建造新式节能吊炕,与4户使用传统炕的农户一起进行燃料使用与温度观测记录;并结合农户用能现状问卷调查,获取数据,建立经济计量模型,对吊炕产生的环境经济效益进行分析与评价;最后对其推广前景进行展望。结果表明,高崖韩村吊炕户平均每户每年产生的总环境经济效益为836.99元,下湾村吊炕户平均每户每年产生的总环境经济效益为919.41元。若对庄浪县所有农户都推广使用节能吊炕,全县每年将会产生7381.58~8108.46万元/a的环境经济总效益。节能吊炕具有显著的环境经济效益和良好的推广前景,是现阶段提高农户冬季取暖用能水平、降低经济支出的有效途径,对农村用能技术的改进、生态环境的改善、温室气体的减排、具有重要的理论和现实意义。