西藏青稞冬春性鉴定及抽穗期多样性与稳定性分析

为提高青稞种质资源的利用效率并筛选优异杂交亲本,分别在西藏林芝和拉萨两地的春播和秋播环境下对1605份青稞种质资源进行冬春性鉴定和抽穗期多样性分析。设拉萨春播2个播期,即正常春播I和晚10 d春播II,以2个播期的抽穗期变化作为冬春性区别依据。结果表明,96.2%的西藏青稞地方品种为春性,在西藏3个生态区均有分布,冬性品种仅有3.8%,且主要分布在以林芝为主的藏东南生态区;抽穗期的Shannon-Wiener's多样性分析表明,春播条件下抽穗期多样性高于秋播,拉萨春播条件下抽穗期多样性最高,林芝春播次之,林芝秋播最低;在相同环境下,地方品种的多样性高于育成品种;在环境稳定性分析中, 368份春性地方品种和21份育成品种在不同环境中抽穗期较为稳定,其中康青3号在两地所有参试品种中抽穗期稳定性最高。本研究为全面理解西藏青稞资源的冬春性、抽穗期多样性和环境稳定性提供了参考,为广适应性青稞品种培育筛选出环境稳定性佳的亲本材料。     

A mutation in Waxy gene affects amylose content,starch granules and kernel characteristics of barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Waxy barley referred to as low‐amylose or amylose‐free has special advantages in nutrition composition and food processing. Waxy gene encoding granule–bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) is responsible for amylose synthesis in barley. The G³⁹³⁵‐to‐T in Waxy gene has been previously found in amylose–free barley. In this study, G³⁹³⁵‐to‐T was proved to co‐segregate with the waxy phenotype of barley, but has no obvious effect on GBSSI catalytic activity and starch chain length distribution. However, recombinant inbred lines with G³⁹³⁵‐to‐T in Waxy gene are of significant modification in starch granules morphology and pasting properties, increase of grain β‐glucan content, and decrease of thousand kernel weight along with lower kernel width. A polymerase chain reaction with confronting two–pair primers marker was developed for economic and efficient screening of G³⁹³⁵‐to‐T. This study provides the basis for cultivar improvement of waxy barley then fully developing its potential value and utility in food processing.     

青藏高原地区青稞茎基腐病病原菌的群体遗传多样性、毒素化学型及其地理分布

为明确青藏高原沿线甘肃省甘南藏族自治州和青海省青稞茎基腐病燕麦镰孢菌Fusarium avenaceum的群体遗传多样性、毒素化学型及其地理分布,采用SSR分子标记法对6个地理种群91株燕麦镰孢菌菌株的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明,6对SSR引物在91株燕麦镰孢菌中共检测到等位位点数14个,多态性位点数13个,多态性条带百分率为92.86%。6个地理种群的平均等位基因数为1.82,有效等位基因数为1.55,Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.32,Shannon信息指数为0.47,多态性位点数为11.50,多态位点百分率为82.15%。6个地理种群的Nei’s遗传相似度为0.83～0.99,遗传距离为0.01～0.18。种群间的遗传距离和地理距离、遗传相似度与海拔差距无显著相关性。燕麦镰孢菌地理种群聚为3个大类群,Group Ⅰ由甘肃省临潭县、合作市和卓尼县种群组成,Group Ⅱ由青海省互助土族自治县和刚察县种群组成,Group Ⅲ由青海省海晏县种群组成。燕麦镰孢菌种群的遗传变异主要来自种群内部,占总变异的93.63%。燕麦镰孢菌毒素化学型分为NIV、DON、3-AcDON三大类,没有15-AcDON毒素化学型,其中DON毒素化学型在6个地理种群中均有分布。表明燕麦镰孢菌地理种群的遗传多样性高。     

Quantifying the detrimental effect of airborne dust on herbicide efficacy

One side effect of human activity and global climatic change is more airborne dust. This not only has undesirable effects on human health and the environment, but may also adversely affect many agricultural processes, including herbicide efficacy. This is particularly relevant in parts of the world where dust storms are common and limited rainfall means dust persists on plants for protracted periods. Accordingly, a series of greenhouse dose–response pot experiments was carried out to quantify the effect of a dust concentration of 1,500 µg/m³ on the performance of paraquat, glyphosate, sulfosulfuron and 2,4-D+MCPA. Dust-treated and untreated seedlings of Hordeum spontaneum and Sinapis arvensis were sprayed with sulfosulfuron and 2,4-D+MCPA, respectively, while paraquat and glyphosate were applied to both weed species. The efficacy of glyphosate and paraquat decreased significantly in the presence of dust on both species. Similar results were observed for 2,4-D+MCPA on S. arvensis. In contrast, the efficacy of sulfosulfuron on H. spontaneum was not affected by dust. In the presence of dust, the doses of glyphosate, paraquat and 2,4-D+MCPA required for a 90% effect were enhanced by a factor of 1.9 to 2.6. The negative impact on glyphosate efficacy was more pronounced in S. arvensis than H. spontaneum, while it was similar for paraquat. Future studies should consider the amount, duration and composition of dust as well as its impact on other weeds and herbicides. Potential approaches to overcome the detrimental influence of dust on the performance of herbicides were also suggested for future studies.     

Resistance identification of bivalent fungi-resistant genes transformed soybean to Phytophthora sojae

Soybean is one of the most important sources of edible oil and proteins in the world.However,it suffers from many kinds of fungal diseases which is a major limiting factor in soybean production.The fungal disease can be effectively controlled by breeding plant cultivars with genetic transformation.In this study,the resistance to Phytophthora sojae of five bivalent transgenic soybean lines was identified using the hypocotyls inoculation technique.The lines were the T,of the transgenic soybean which were transformed with kidney bean chitinase gene and barley ribosome inactivating protein gene,and were positive by Southern Blot analysis.The resistance difference was studied through comparing the death percentage of transgenic soybean with the control.The results showed that four lines were more resistant to P.sojae,whereas other one had no significant difference in comparison with the control.These transgenic soybean lines with enhanced resistance to P.sojae will be useful in soybean resistance breeding.     

西藏林芝地区青稞产量构成因素的相关和通径分析

利用西藏生产上种植的16个青稞品种(品系)春播的试验资料,对其产量及产量构成因素进行相关和通径分析。结果表明:产量构成因素与产量相关显著,其相关程度为:千粒重(0.660 9)>每穗粒数(0.566 6)>有效穗数(-0.309 1);对产量的直接影响为:千粒重(0.606 0)>每穗粒数(0.506 2)>有效穗数(0.015 1)。根据分析及结合西藏林芝地区青稞生态条件的特点,提出林芝地区春播青稞高产育种应增加千粒重、稳定穗粒数、降低分蘖数;春播青稞高产栽培应适当降低分蘖数。另外,本试验发现西藏林芝地区某些冬性和半冬性青稞春播能正常抽穗结籽。     

2,4-表芸苔素内酯浸种对干旱胁迫下大麦种子萌发期淀粉代谢的影响

为研究2,4-表芸苔素内酯对干旱胁迫下大麦种子萌发期淀粉代谢的影响,将新啤6号大麦种子用不同浓度芸苔素内酯浸种处理,在质量分数23%聚乙二醇-6000溶液中进行培养。在种子萌发72 h时,统计发芽率和幼苗生长指标,并在12、24、36、48、60、72 h测定种子的淀粉酶活性和淀粉、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖含量。结果表明：干旱胁迫会显著抑制种子萌发,也会降低萌发过程中的淀粉酶活性,提高淀粉含量,降低可溶性糖含量;与单独干旱胁迫相比,适宜浓度(5、25μg·L^-1)的芸苔素内酯可显著提高种子的发芽率、根长、芽长和胚芽鞘长,使萌发种子内的淀粉酶活性不断增强,淀粉含量持续降低。25μg·L^-1芸苔素内酯处理的大麦种子可溶性总糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖含量显著提高,而较高浓度(200μg·L^-1)芸苔素内酯对上述指标表现出抑制作用。综上,适宜浓度的芸苔素内酯可通过提高干旱胁迫下种子的淀粉代谢速率来促进种子萌发和幼苗生长。     

冬大麦花后穗部氮素积累及转移的研究

在大田条件下,以扬饲麦3、扬饲麦1、苏啤2号和扬农啤2号等4个品种为供试材料,在07、5、1502、25.kg/hm24个氮肥处理水平下,研究了大麦花后穗部氮积累及转移的规律。结果表明,在扬饲麦3、扬饲麦1、苏啤2号和扬农啤2号4个品种各氮肥处理的平均值中,开花期绿叶的含氮量依次为2.64%、2.76%、2.63%和2.45%,穗部含氮量依次为1.43%、1.83%、1.69%和1.51%。成熟期子粒含氮量分别为2.65%、2.63%、2.48%和2.14%。氮的花前积累量(NABF)依次为17.68、15.27、19.80和14.85.mg/plant,总积累量(NTA)分别为33.75、25.51、54.24和28.83mg/plant,花后积累量(NAAF)依次为16.061、0.25、34.45和13.98.mg/plant,转移量(NT)依次为12.60、10.551、3.48和9.54.mg/plant,转移效率(NTE)分别为71.49%、69.84%、68.42%和64.97%。收获指数(NHI)分别为84.91%、81.95%、88.47%和81.90%;随着施氮水平的提高,各品种的花前氮积累量、总积累量、花后积累量和氮转移量均呈上升趋势,而氮转移效率、氮转移对子粒的贡献(NCR)率则成下降趋势;大麦花后穗部氮积累过程可以用Richards方程W=A/(1+be-kt)m来描述,通径分析方程各特征参数与氮积累和转移的关系表明,影响大麦穗部氮积累和转移的主要因素是最大积累速率,其次是起始积累势,最大积累速率越高,起始积累势越小,越有利于氮的积累和转移。同时,积累中期和前期的积累速率和积累量对大麦穗部氮积累和转移的影响也较大。     

不同栽培措施对华大麦6号产量和净收益的模型研究

为大面积推广高产优质啤酒大麦新品种华大麦6号,本试验以五元二次回归正交旋转组合设计为基本数学模型,重点研究华中地区种植密度、有机肥、氮、磷、钾肥用量等因素对华大麦6号产量、粒重和净收益的综合效应。对模型解析发现,在供试条件下密度、有机肥、氮、磷、钾肥单因子对产量绝对贡献顺序为氮肥>有机肥>磷肥>密度>钾肥;对千粒重的绝对贡献顺序为磷肥>钾肥>有机肥>密度>氮肥;对净收益的贡献顺序为有机肥>氮肥>磷肥>密度>钾肥。计算机模拟寻优表明,密度在199.8～213.9万株hm-2,有机肥在17428.5～20330.1kghm-2,氮肥在202.4～228.3kghm-2,磷肥在73.3～86.0kghm-2,钾肥在66.2～82.8kghm-2。时,大麦的产量在4800kghm-2以上,千粒重>42g,净收益达5500元hm-2。因此,这些栽培措施的组合可以作为推荐的高产高效栽培技术方案。     

6种病毒抑制剂对西藏青稞上大麦黄矮病的防治效果

通过田间小区试验,开展了6种病毒抑制剂对西藏青稞上大麦黄矮病防治效果的研究.采用带毒蚜虫人工接种法,于青稞起身拔节期每株接种10～15头带毒麦长管蚜,7 d后灭蚜,灭蚜后3d喷施病毒抑制剂,在成株期出现黄矮病症状后调查病株率、病情指数、防治效果,以及长势和产量.结果表明,6种病毒抑制剂对青稞上大麦黄矮病有不同程度的防治...