高油玉米自交系的杂种优势群划分和优势模式分析

以分属Lancaster、Reid、塘四平头、旅大红骨和外引种质群等5个不同杂种优势群的代表性自交系Mo17、7922、K12、丹340和8701为测验种,以来自于BHO、ALEXHO、RYD HO、SYN DO等4个不同高油群体的20个自交系为被测系,利用NCⅡ设计分析了被测系的配合力、杂种优势群、杂种优势模式及其在生产实际中的利用价值。结果表明, 20个高     

Construction and evaluation of introgression lines and fine mapping of ehd8 from Jinghong common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon)

Heading date is one of the most important traits in rice and regulated by multiple genes. Common wild rice is the ancestor of Asian cultivated rice and harbours abundant genetic diversity. To use wild rice resource in rice breeding, a set of 154 introgression lines (ILs) covering 93% of the genome of Jinghong common wild rice was constructed in the background 'Teqing', using 208 simple sequence repeat markers evenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Among the ILs, the line JIL64 displayed late heading independent of photoperiod. Genetic analysis using the two F₂ populations crossed ''Teqing'/JIL64 and JIL64/'Teqing' revealed that late flowering was controlled by a recessive gene on chromosome 8 (designated early heading date 8, ehd8), and ehd8 was fine mapped to the 50‐kb region flanked by markers RM22221 and 64Indel4. Sequencing and qRT‐PCR demonstrated that LOC_Os08g01410 and LOC_Os08g01420 were deleted in JIL64 and may be associated with the late heading of Jinghong common wild rice. These findings lay a practical foundation for characterizing ehd8, and the ILs help to mine genes from Jinghong common wild rice.     

Power Frequency Electric Field Caused by EHV Lines and Its Effect

Mathematical model of power frequency electric field is established based on Charge Simulation Method(CSM) to analyze power frequency electric field caused by EHV lines with overhead ground wires and its effect, which are entering the megalopolis. Calculative method on the electric field under the transmission lines is analyzed and validated. According to the criterion of environmental evaluation, the distributing characteristic of electric field is summarized, in case of various arrangement manners of lines. At last, some advice and methods of eliminating electric field under the transmission lines entering the megalopolis is proposed with regard to protecting environment.     

The effect of introgressions of wheat D-genome chromosomes into 'Presto' triticale

Hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) (2n= 6x= 42, AABBRR) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2n= 6x= 42, AABBDD) differ in their R and D-genomes. This produces differences in both agronomic and end-use quality characteristics. Our objective was to determine how introgressions of individual chromosomes from the D-genome of wheat affect these characteristics of a winter triticale 'Presto'. We studied the effects of 18 D-genome chromosome substitution lines, 15 sib-lines as controls, and five check cultivars at Lincoln, NE in 1996, using a randomized complete block design with two replications. The experiment was repeated at Lincoln and Mead, NE in 1997 and 1998 with 15 substitution lines that survived the first winter in Lincoln, along with their 12 control sibs and five check cultivars. Few D-genome chromosomes had positive effects. Chromosomes 2D, 4D, and 6D significantly reduced plant height when substituted for 2R, 4B, and 6R, respectively. No grain yield increases were associated with any of the D-genome chromosomes tested, but three substitutions decreased the grain yield. Depending on the allele of the hardness gene present, chromosome 5D increased or decreased kernel hardness when substituted for 5R or 5A, respectively. Introgressions of chromosomes 1D and 6D improved end-use quality characteristics of Presto. These results suggest that apart from beneficial effects of individual loci located on the D-genome chromosomes, no major benefit can be expected from D-genome chromosome substitutions.     

普通小麦辉县红-荆州黑麦异染色体系的选育及其梭条花叶病抗性鉴定

为发掘和利用荆州黑麦所携抗梭条花叶病基因，综合利用分子细胞遗传学与分子标记技术结合多年抗性鉴定，从高感梭条花叶病小麦地方品种辉县红与荆州黑麦杂交后代（F₇~F₉）中选育出二体异附加系5个(分别添加1R、2R、R3、5R和R7)、5RS端二体异附加系1个和多重异附加代换系2个（染色体组成分别为20’’+2R(2D)’’+4R’’和19’’+1R（1B）’’+2R（2B）’’+4R’’）。鉴定表明，双二倍体荆辉1号高抗梭条花叶病，表明黑麦抗性基因可在小麦背景中稳定表达，2R、R7二体异附加系及2个含2R的多重异附加代换系均表现高抗，推测2R和R7上可能携带抗病基因。这些材料是研究荆州黑麦抗性基因遗传及小麦抗病育种的新种质。     

水稻与玉米远缘杂交改良籼稻温敏两用核不育系之SSR分析

选用7对SSR引物对7个水稻×玉米远缘后代不育株系及其双亲进行SSR分析。与母本扩增带型相比,共扩增出18条特异带,即表现为多态性。在检出的18条特异带中,13条的带型与父本相同,另5条的带型不同于双亲,即为变异带型。7个参试后代不育株系都检测到了SSR多态性标记,但各株系间检出多态性位点的数量存在差异,最多的一个株系ys-2同时检测到3个多态性标记。试验结果表明通过远缘杂交技术很可能将玉米的某些DNA片段成功地导入了水稻两用核不育系,表明研究在籼稻两用核不育系的改良上取得了初步的成果。     

关于水稻穗芽的生理学研究

利用重组自交系籼稻中-156/谷梅2号304份株系为材料，在田间条件下营造高温、高湿的小气候，以“穗穗芽率”及“粒穗芽率”为指标，筛选易发生穗芽与不易发生穗芽的极端材料，比较研究重组自交系亲本与各供试株系籽粒在穗芽发生期间的生理差异。结果表明，该重组自交系母本谷梅2号比父本中-156易穗芽，在正常成熟过程中籽粒内源GA₁含量水平高于中-156，ABA含量水平低于中-156；谷梅2号籽粒淀粉酶活性也高于中-156。花后15 d至完熟的籽粒灌浆期如遇高温、高湿条件，谷梅2号及易穗芽的株系籽粒内源GA1随雨日渐增，增幅高于中-156及不易穗芽的株系，同时其淀粉酶活性回升，在正常成熟过程中花后15 d后籽粒中淀粉酶活性与日渐降，但其幅度远高于父本中-156及不易穗芽的株系，这种变化可能是易穗芽的亲本与株系对高温、高湿敏感诱发穗上发芽的主要生理基础。     

棉花Bt转基因品系的配合力和杂种优势表现

五个转基因品系和受体冀棉321配制成双列杂交,通过对产量性状和纤维品质的两年试验分析,结果发现:与受体品种相比,转基因品系的农艺性状有显著变化,说明转基因过程也会使部分农艺性状得到改善。转基因品系间的一般配合力有显著差异,其中有两个品系表现显著的正向一般配合力。杂交种F1的表现也呈现显著差异;两个不同转基因品系间的杂种优势,低于转基因品系与受体品种间的杂种优势。这些变异可能是Bt插入引起的,不同插入位点的相互作用可能会降低杂种优势。     

水稻染色体片段代换系对氮、磷胁迫反应差异及其QTL分析

利用来源于9311(籼稻)与日本晴(粳稻)杂交后代衍生的遗传背景为9311的染色体片段代换系群体,分析其在大田正常、低氮和低磷条件下的单株有效穗和单株产量的差异。结果表明,低磷、低氮胁迫对单株有效穗和单株产量影响较大。代换系对低磷和低氮的反应存在明显差异。在低氮(磷)水平下共检测到26个单株有效穗和单株产量片段或QTL,以及12个相对单株有效穗和相对单株产量QTL。源于日本晴的等位基因均呈减效作用。低磷和低氮下共同检测到5个导入片段影响单株有效穗或单株产量。而大部分(约81%)QTL只在单胁迫处理下被检测到。表明水稻对磷胁迫和氮胁迫的反应既存在不同的遗传基础,也存在共同的遗传机制。     

旱稻导入系碾磨品质和垩白粒率的QTL定位及其与土壤水分的互作分析

以优质水稻品种越富为遗传背景,具有旱稻品种IRAT109导入片段的271份导入系为材料,在水、旱田2个土壤水分环境下调查糙米率、精米率、整精米率和垩白粒率4个品质性状,研究旱田栽培对稻米品质性状的影响,进行QTL定位及基因型与环境的互作分析。结果表明,整精米率和垩白粒率易受土壤水分环境的影响,糙米率和精米率相对稳定。适当水分胁迫能提高稻米的整精米率,减少垩白粒率。利用混合线性模型,水、旱田条件下共检测到4个品质性状的10个加性QTL和2对上位性互作QTL,分别位于第3、4、7、8和9染色体。3个加性QTL (qMR9、qHMR7和qHMR9)和一对上位性互作QTL (qHMR3~qHMR9)的贡献率大于10%。7个QTL与前人研究结果相一致。第4染色体RM1112~RM1272和第9染色体RM1189~RM410是QTL集中分布的区域。根据不同性状对干旱胁迫的反应特点,分别选择水、旱田条件下贡献率大、稳定的QTL或者具有旱田特异性的QTL,进行标记辅助聚合育种是培育抗旱、优质稻的一个有效途径。