粘类小麦雄性不育系F_1结实性状的遗传分析

采用MINQUE统计方法、加性-显性(AD)及其与环境互作的遗传模型,对粘类小麦雄性不育系和恢复系杂交F1小穗两边结实数、中间结实数等结实性状进行了分析。结果表明,粘类小麦雄性不育系育性恢复性主要以加性效应为主,其次是显性效应,加性方差占表现型方差的比例变幅为38%~48%;不育系(V)-90-110、(Ven)-90-110、(K)-224、(V)-224所配制的组合,在2个结实性状上,包括国内法、国际法,平均结实率均具有正向显著或极显著的加性效应,亲本5253、02-7-215、00-6-247、M8003具有使不育系恢复度提高的加性效应;双亲加性效应高的组合多数表现出其显性效应比较差;国际法恢复度高的组合(K-224×5253),究其原因是双亲国际法恢复度的加性效应高,尤其亲本5253国际法恢复度的加性效应在供试材料中是最高的,其显性效应也较高(36.14%);粘类小麦雄性不育系杂交结实率的高低与环境的互作相对较小,育性恢复性在年份间的表现比较稳定。     

不同水分条件对小麦-玉米两熟制作物生长和水分利用的影响

为探明不同水分条件对小麦-玉米两熟制水分利用的影响,通过秸秆覆盖和施用保水剂等水分调控措施,进行了不同灌水量对小麦、玉米生长发育和产量、土壤水分及水分利用等方面的影响研究。结果表明:合理灌水有益小麦群体发育,提高成穗数量、株高、穗粒数和千粒重,从而促进小麦增产,其中以补充灌水1 200 m3/hm2效果最佳,增产11.83%;但过多灌水反而影响小麦产量,补充灌水2 400 m3/hm2减产1%,并影响玉米产量。小麦灌水处理的玉米分别比对照增产7.31%~16.15%,其中补充灌水1 800 m3/hm2增产效果最佳,增产16.15%。夏秋两季作物产量结果表明,河南省中产灌区在秸秆覆盖和施用保水剂的情况下,小麦-玉米两熟制最佳补充灌溉量为1 200~1 800m3/hm2。土壤含水量动态变化表明,秸秆覆盖与保水剂相结合,并进行适量补充灌水有利于改善和补偿土壤水分,而且有影响全年作物生长的趋势。玉米收获后,土壤有效养分和有机质有所下降,表明种植夏玉米应追施适量磷、钾肥,同时加大夏季作物秸秆的还田量,以提高土壤有机质。     

河南大豆新品系抗大豆疫霉根腐病基因鉴定

大豆疫霉根腐病作为影响大豆生产的毁灭性病害之一,对大豆生产威胁很大。种植抗疫霉根腐病的大豆品种是控制该病害最有效的途径。河南省位于我国黄淮夏大豆产区的腹地,具有大豆疫霉根腐病发生的潜在威胁。本研究的目的是对河南省新育成的大豆品系进行抗性鉴定和抗病基因分子标记检测,以明确大豆新品系对大豆疫霉根腐病的抗性水平和抗病基因。采用下胚轴创伤接种法对64个河南省培育的大豆新品系进行接种,鉴定其对2个具有不同毒力的大豆疫霉分离物PsJS2和Ps41-1的抗性。结果显示,对分离物Ps41-1和PsJS2抗病的分别有35个和16个品系,对Ps41-1和PsJS2为中间反应型的分别有16个和10个品系,其中对2个分离物均抗病的有16个品系,占鉴定品系的25%。使用抗疫霉病基因RpsZheng共分离标记WZInDel11进行新品系的基因型鉴定发现,对2个大豆疫霉分离物均抗病的16个品系中有13个含有标记WZInDel11,对1个或2个大豆疫霉分离物表现为中间反应型的5个大豆品系,分子检测结果表明,其为杂合基因型,这些品系中的纯合抗病单株可直接选育成纯合抗病品系用于抗病育种。综合系谱分析结果推测,有2个品系可能含抗疫霉根腐病基因RpsZheng,2个品系可能含RpsYD29,14个品系可能含有RpsZheng或其等位基因。表明河南省培育的大豆新品系中含有优异的大豆疫霉根腐病抗源,该研究结果将为病害防控和抗病品种的选育提供参考。     

17个玉米地方种质选系的育种潜势分析

以西南地区生产上常用的11个玉米骨干自交系为测验种,采用不完全双列杂交设计,测定17个玉米地方种质新选自交系主要性状的配合力和杂种优势,并对杂优类群、性状遗传参数进行分析。结果表明,单株产量GCA表现突出,且构成产量因子性状GCA表现也较好的新选系有P1-1、P1-16和P1-14;SCA值高、杂种优势强的组合是P1-10×P2-4,四平头群×Lancaster群在川南地区可产生较强的杂种优势;在穗行数、行粒数等4个性状中,亲本的基因加性效应对F1性状形成起主导作用,可早代进行选择,而百粒生、单株产量等5个性状的遗传变异主要来自于基因非加性效应,宜晚代进行选择。     

十和田近等基因系糙米锌含量QTL定位

以十和田为轮回亲本,丽粳2号为供体亲本培育出糙米锌含量近等基因系群体BC5F6为材料,从遍布水稻12条染色体上的600对引物中筛选到一个与糙米锌含量有关的SSR标记RM4608.根据其在水稻染色体上的位置,结合PCR扩增结果又发现了与糙米锌含量有关的4个SSR标记(RM19491,RM19489,RM6119和RM19487).用MAPMAKER3.0软件做出了这5个标记的连锁群,最后采用混合线性模型定位法找到了糙米锌含量的QTL位点.QTL分析结果显示:该位点位于6号染色体上RM4608和RM6119标记之间,贡献率为5%,为新发现的与糙米锌含量有关的微效基因位点,暂命名为qZINC-6.同时与糙米铬和镁含量有关的QTL位点也被发现,其中糙米铬含量QTL位于标记RM19489和RM19491之间,贡献率为9%,是一个主效基因;糙米镁含量QTL位于标记RM4608-RM6119之间,是一个微效基因,贡献率为4%.     

The occurrence and inheritance of a brittle rachis phenotype in Italian durum wheat cultivars

Italian and Tunisian durum wheats from different eras of breeding were assessed for the presence of a gene for brittle rachis. Nine of 15 Italian durum landraces had brittle rachides. Strampellis achievement was the release of the well-known variety, Senatore Cappelli, which was derived from a Tunisian landrace, Jenah Rhettifah, which has a brittle rachis. Rachides of two Tunisian landraces were also brittle. Since the 1950s, 16 accessions were released as selections from crosses or mutagenesis involving Senatore Cappelli. Seven of these accessions have brittle rachides. F₂ segregation in intercrosses of Senatore Cappelli with other durum accessions with brittle rachides indicated a common allele for brittle rachis. Segregation of the F₂ from Senatore Cappelli/ANW 10A and the F₂ of Senatore Cappelli/ANW 10B showed that the gene for brittle rachis of Senatore Cappelli was allelic to the brittle allele of the Br-B1 locus on chromosome 3B. Senatore Cappelli was presumably the only source of brittle rachis used in Italian breeding programmes. The genes for brittle rachis have been retained in the gene pool of durum wheat, suggesting that the brittle rachis character is not associated with an appreciable yield loss in modern farming systems in Mediterranean environments.     

A new locus for resistance to brown planthopper identified in the indica rice variety DV85

The brown planthopper (BPH) is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice. Resistant varieties have proved to be one of the most economic and effective measures for BPH management. In this study, an indica rice ‘DV85’ showed resistance to biotype 2 of BPH by bulked seedling test, and a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between a susceptible rice ‘Kinmaze’ and ‘DV85’ was phenotyped to map genetic factors conferring BPH resistance in ‘DV85′. Composite interval mapping revealed that one quantitative trait locus (QTL) with a LOD score of 10.1 was detected between XNpb202 and C1172 on chromosome 11. This QTL was designated as Qbph11. Qbph11 explained 68.4% of the phenotypic variance of BPH resistance in this population. The allele from the resistant parent ‘DV85’ at Qbph11 reduced the damage caused by BPH feeding and would be very useful in breeding resistant rice varieties via marker‐assisted selection.     

Influence of high molecular weight glutenin subunit substitution on rheological behaviour and bread-baking quality of near-isogenic lines developed from Chinese wheats

Three near‐isogenic lines (NILs) of wheat involving Glu‐B1 and Glu‐D1 alleles were used to study the genetic contribution of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) to gluten strength. The HMW‐GS composition of each NILs was determined by SDS‐PAGE. No significant differences were found in grain protein contents among the NILs. Gluten strength and dough‐mixing properties were measured by the Farinograph, the Extensograph, and SDS‐sedimentation (SDS‐SE). Results indicated that line 2, containing the Glu‐1B 14 + 15 and Glu‐1D 5 + 10 combination of subunits, had higher values for flour quality, dough rheological parameters, and bread‐baking quality when compared with lines 8 and 13. Line 8, containing Glu‐1B 7 + 9 and Glu‐1D 5 + 10, was better than line 13 with the Glu‐1B 14 + 15 and Glu‐1D 10 combination. Some major parameters appeared significantly different. The presence of Glu‐1B 14 + 15 was associated with higher dough strength based on SDS‐SE volume and several rheological parameters when compared with Glu‐1B 7 + 9. Lines with subunit 10 at Glu‐D1 performed significantly worse than those with 5 + 10 in gluten index, SDS‐SE volume, Farinograph stability time, Extensograph area and bread‐baking quality.     

杜仲雌花芽2个发育时期转录组分析

杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)的果实是提取杜仲胶和杜仲籽油的重要原材料,在工业、医疗、食品等领域开发前景广阔。为了揭示雌蕊原基发育相关基因的表达情况,本研究以杜仲果用良种‘华仲6号’(Huazhong No.6)为材料,利用lllumina Hiseq X-10高通量测序平台,分别对花序原基分化期和雌蕊原基分化期的花芽进行转录组测序,通过生物信息学对2个发育时期的雌花芽转录组进行比较分析,筛选出与杜仲雌蕊原基发育相关的差异基因。结果显示,转录组测序共获得68.11 Gb数据,各样品的Clean reads与杜仲基因组进行序列比对,比对效率为91.59%~92.05%,同时2个发育时期共筛选出485个差异表达基因,其中219个差异基因在雌蕊原基分化期表达上调,266个表达下调。差异基因GO富集结果表明,花的发育、光周期现象、激素生物合成以及蛋白结合转录因子活性等相关的生物途径被富集。KEGG富集结果表明淀粉和蔗糖代谢、碳代谢、昼夜节律和植物激素信号转导等代谢通路被富集。结果表明光周期途径是诱导杜仲成花的重要途径,且雌蕊原基发育受碳水化合物、植物激素和其他代谢物质调控。本研究为杜仲花器官发育调控基因的挖掘提供了基础数据,也为果用杜仲的分子育种提供了参考。     

水稻温敏不育系育性转换及稳定性研究

在不同自然生态条件下对编号为Ms-3,Ms-7,Ms-8,Ms-9的4份水稻温敏不育系分期播种,进行育性观察、差异性分析及稳定性研究,从而鉴定水稻温敏不育系育性转换是否彻底以及育性是否稳定.结果表明:4份水稻温敏不育系在元江可以繁殖,同期播种品种间育性差异不显著,不同播期对育性的影响较大,以3月8日播种水稻温敏不育系自交结实率最高;建水不同播期对水稻温敏不育系育性影响不大,但品种间育性差异显著,除Ms-7外,其它几个温敏不育系在不同播期不育度达99%以上,育性转换彻底,自交结实率的变异系数小,不育性稳定,可以制种.