Salinity, drainage and selenium problems in the Western San Joaquin Valley of California

Highly productive, irrigated agriculturecan be found in California's Central Valleymade up of the Sacramento, San Joaquin, andTulare Lake basins. High water tablesthroughout much of the San Joaquin andTulare Lake portions of the Valley threatenthis highly productive region. Due totopographic and environmental constraintsmuch of the region is currently withoutdrainage. In 1990 State and Federalgovernment agencies combined to produce areport that outlined possible steps to dealwith the drainage issue. These stepsincluded: 1) Source control (practices toreduce the amount of drainage water); 2)Drainage reuse; 3) Evaporation systems; 4)Land retirement (cease irrigation); 5)Groundwater management; and 6) Discharge tothe San Joaquin River. General backgroundinformation to the history and hydrology ofthe Valley as well as a discussion of thefeasibility and constraints of providingdrainage by discharging drain water to theSan Joaquin River are presented. Inaddition a general discussion of thetechnical and political limitations ofproviding drainage in the River arediscussed.     

Simulation of drainage water quality with DRAINMOD

The design and management of drainage systems should consider impacts on drainage water quality and receiving streams, as well as on agricultural productivity. Two simulation models that are being developed to predict these impacts are briefly described. DRAINMOD-N uses hydrologic predictions by DRAINMOD, including daily soil water fluxes, in numerical solutions to the advective-dispersive-reactive (ADR) equation to describe movement and fate of NO₃-N in shallow water table soils. DRAINMOD- CREAMS links DRAINMOD hydrology with submodels in CREAMS to predict effects of drainage treatment and controlled drainage losses of sediment and agricultural chemicals via surface runoff. The models were applied to analyze effects of drainage intensity on a Portsmouth sandy loam in eastern North Carolina. Depending on surface depressional storage, agricultural production objectives could be satisfied with drain spacings of 40 m or less. Predicted effects of drainage design and management on NO₃-N losses were substantial. Increasing drain spacing from 20 m to 40 m reduced predicted NO₃-N losses by over 45% for both good and poor surface drainage. Controlled drainage further decreases NO₃-N losses. For example, predicted average annual NO₃-N losses for a 30 m spacing were reduced 50% by controlled drainage. Splitting the application of nitrogen fertilizer, so that 100 kg/ha is applied at planting and 50 kg/ha is applied 37 days later, reduced average predicted NO₃-N losses but by only 5 to 6%. This practice was more effective in years when heavy rainfall occurred directly after planting. In contrast to effects on NO₃-N losses, reducing drainage intensity by increasing drain spacing or use of controlled drainage increased predicted losses of sediment and phosphorus (P). These losses were small for relatively flat conditions (0.2% slope), but may be large for even moderate slopes. For example, predicted sediment losses for a 2% slope exceeded 8000 kg/ha for a poorly drained condition (drain spacing of 100 m), but were reduced to 2100 kg/ha for a 20 m spacing. Agricultural production and water quality goals are sometimes in conflict. Our results indicate that simulation modeling can be used to examine the benefits of alternative designs and management strategies, from both production and environmental points-of-view. The utility of this methodology places additional emphasis on the need for field experiments to test the validity of the models over a range of soil, site and climatological conditions.     

Using drainage systems for supplementary irrigation

The use of drainage systems for supplementary irrigation is widespread in The Netherlands. One of the operating policies is to raise the surface water level during the growing season in order to reduce drainage (water conservation) or to create subsurface irrigation. This type of operation is based on practical experience, which can be far from optimal.To obtain better founded operational water management rules a total soil water/surface water model was built. In a case study the effects of using the drainage system in a dual-purpose manner on the arable crop production were simulated with the model. Also, the operational rules for managing this type of dual-purpose drainage systems were derived.The average annual simulated increase in crop transpiration due to water conservation and water supply for subsurface irrigation are 6.0 and 5.4 mm.y^–1, respectively. This is equivalent with 520 × 10³ and 460 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for the pilot region (2 Dfl 1 US $). The corresponding investments and operational costs are 600 × 10³ Dfl and 9 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for water conservation and 3200 × 10³ Dfl and 128 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for subsurface irrigation. Hence, water conservation is economically very profitable, whereas subsurface irrigation is less attractive.Comparing the management according to the model with current practice in a water-board during 1983 and 1986 learned that benefits can increase with some 50 and 500 Dfl per ha per year, respectively.     

大型排灌工程项目后评价理论及方法

大型排灌工程项目后评价是大型排灌工程项目科学管理的重要环节。根据大型排灌工程的具体特点 ,讨论项目后评价的理论基础和评价方法 ,分析了大型排灌工程项目后评价的特点、内容、基本原则和程序 ,提出了后评价的指标体系及各种指标的计算方法。     

东港地区稻田适宜排水沟距试验对比分析

通过对辽宁东港灌区稻田排水沟距的综合对比试验分析，探讨了该地区稻田不同排水沟距对控制地下水位、渗漏量、土壤Eh值及水稻产量的影响，初步提出该地区稻田适宜的排水沟距。为今后该地区及类似地区排水沟道的规划设计提供了借鉴和参考，对水田的增产增收具有重要意义。     

排水地段观测井与排水渠水质相关分析

根据田间实测的排水渠与观测井水质资料 ,分析了地下水中全盐量与其组分间的关系 ,以及排水渠与其邻近观测井地下水全盐量及主要离子含量之间的关系。为探讨观测井与排水渠水质间内在关系 ,研究观测井水质与排水渠水质相互转化关系 ,为简化水质监测工作提供指导。     

双侧脑室引流、冲洗结合腰穿救治高血压脑出血破入全脑室患者的临床观察

目的 观察双侧脑室冲洗、引流结合腰穿治疗高血压脑出血破入全脑室的有效性和安全性.方法 将高血压脑出血破入全脑室的83例分成双管组(n=57)和单管组(n=26),双管组采用双侧脑室引流、冲洗结合腰穿的方法治疗(57例);单管组用单管引流治疗(26例),将两组治疗结果进行统计学分析和比较.结果 双管组:良好和中残35例(61.4%)、重残11例(19.3%)、植物生存2例(3.5%)、死亡9例(15.8%),单管组分别为6例(23.1%)、6例(23.1%)、1例(3.8%)、13例(50.0%),以双管组的疗效为优(P＜0.01);且双管组的病死率明显低于单管组(P＜0.01).双管组的脑脊液廓清时间为3～6(4.2±1.3)d,明显短于单管组的6～15(8.6±2.1)d(P＜0.01).结论 双管引流比单管引流更容易保持引流通畅,脑脊液廓清迅速,并发症减少,能降低病死率,提高生存质量,是一种安全、有效治疗全脑室出血的方法.     

新疆阿拉尔灌区土壤次生盐碱化防治及其相关问题研究

土壤次生盐渍化是制约阿拉尔灌区农业生产发展的关键因子。在阐述产生土壤次生盐碱化的背景条件的基础上,作者以田间水盐平衡模型为依据较深入分析了灌区土壤盐分动态、盐碱化趋势及其效应问题;其次,根据区域水盐平衡理论估算区域尺度上的灌排比并探讨了排水的出路问题;最后,在综合分析的基础上,提出了基于可持续灌溉农业和遏制灌区农业副效应目标下的对策与建议。     

悬帷段作用下暗管排水流量计算公式探讨

暗管排水在降低地下水位过程中普遍存在悬帷段,悬帷段的存在对于暗管排水理论计算提出了挑战。该研究考虑悬帷段对排水流量的影响,提出了悬帷段作用下的暗管排水流量计算公式,基于HYDRUS模型得到不同暗管间距、暗管埋深、不透水层深度以及土壤质地条件下的排水流量模拟值及理论计算公式中的作用水头参数,对比分析了不同土壤质地以及悬挂水头影响下排水流量理论公式的适用性。结果表明提出的考虑悬帷段的暗管排水流量公式计算值与模拟值具有很好的吻合性,提出的6种组合公式计算值与模拟值相关系数均大于0.99,平均绝对误差均小于11%,其中Hooghoudt-Ploeg-B.И.阿拉文公式以及Hooghoudt-Ploeg-Kirkham公式误差更小,此2个理论公式也通过了已有文献的验证,而不考虑悬帷段条件时采用Hooghoudt公式计算得到的理论值则普遍小于模拟值,误差可能超过50%;从不同土壤质地来看,提出的考虑悬帷段的暗管排水流量计算公式在粉土和壤土的适用性最高,其次是砂土;此外,该研究初步证实了悬挂水头和单长暗管排水流量与渗透系数比值之间成线性相关关系。该研究成果对丰富和发展农田排水理论及技术有重要意义。     

黔中废弃煤矿区酸性排水污染特征及对作物种苗生长的影响

通过对贵阳市花溪区麦坪乡废弃煤矿区酸性排水进行样品收集与分析,探讨煤矿酸性排水的污染特征及对作物种苗生长的影响。研究结果表明,在煤矿附近50～350m距离内溪沟水pH变化达2.35～6.3,污染物主要以SO24-、Fe、Mn为主;矸石堆洼地蓄积水完全抑制两种植物的萌发;距井口50m溪沟水和距井口30m农田水处理油菜都表现为种子发芽后发霉死亡;距井口100m处溪沟水和距井口30m农田水处理油菜和水稻的种子发芽率、幼苗鲜重和干重、发芽指数和简化活力指数与对照（蒸馏水处理）之间均存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）。煤矿酸性排水胁迫下,水稻各项指标变幅低于油菜,说明物种耐性强度为水稻〉油菜。