膜下滴灌结合暗管排水技术改良新疆盐碱地效果综述

膜下滴灌技术的大面积推广和应用,为新疆乃至西北干旱地区作物高产提供了强大的技术支撑。应用在盐碱地改良中,膜下滴灌“有灌无排”模式仅调节耕层盐分分布,并不能将盐分排出土体,长年灌溉容易引起爆发式积盐的风险,而暗管排水是目前公认的改良盐碱地最直接、最有效的方法。目前,将膜下滴灌与暗管排水有机结合形成的新型灌溉技术,充分利用膜下滴灌良好的抑蒸增温、节水抑盐等优势,同时利用暗管将淋洗盐水及时排出土体,使盐碱化土层产生新的水盐平衡,已在新疆盐碱地区开发利用中得到长足发展。本文重点分析并总结了新疆灌区膜下滴灌结合暗管排水系统的设计参数及土壤水盐运移规律,并综述了土壤理化性质及作物产量对该灌排技术的响应研究,以期为新疆盐碱地农业可持续发展提供理论依据和技术指导。     

黄河三角洲暗管排水土工布外包滤料的试验研究

黄河三角洲地区多为近代黄河泥沙淤积形成的粉细砂土,其质地均一、结构松散,在农田排水明沟建设中边坡不稳定的问题突出。近年来该地区大力开展了暗管排水系统建设,但当地砂滤料来源不足,因此,迫切需要筛选出适合当地土壤特点的土工布外包滤料。该文在对研究区土壤特性分析的基础上,利用自制水力渗透仪,通过理论计算和渗透试验观测,研究了所选择土工布的反滤、透水以及防淤堵性能。结果发现,在满足测试条件的2种型号土工布中,Typar 3201G能够满足防淤堵与透水要求,但是有一定的淤堵风险;另一型号土工布(Typar SF20)则能较好的满足研究区暗管排水外包滤料的反滤、透水与防淤堵要求。研究结果表明,满足研究区特殊土壤类型的土工布外包滤料厚度不宜过大,土工布的开孔直径应符合选择标准。研究成果可为黄河三角洲地区暗管排水土工布外包滤料的选择提供技术支撑。     

沟壑密度调查应采取水文网络法

沟壑密度是评价小流域沟蚀程度的指标,具体地反映了小流域沟蚀轮廓。目前,对于沟壑密度调查,尚无统一规定,有方格网法,小斑号法等。这些方法虽能描述小流域沟蚀现状但不能为沟壑治理的工程设计提供前期资料。水文网络法,从沟道发育入手,将大流域依沟道分布划分为若干小流域,结合工程布局进行调查,计算结果与其它方法相同,结论相同,而基础资料均为以后的工程设计提供了必要的准备,可随时调用。     

旱涝交替下控制灌溉对稻田节水及氮磷减排的影响

该文研究控制灌排技术对稻田水氮磷动态变化及节水减排效应的影响。于2015年5—10月在河海大学江宁校区节水园,在有底侧坑内进行水稻栽培试验,于水稻分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗开花期和乳熟期4个生育阶段进行控水试验,以常规控制灌溉为对照,测定稻田淹排水铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷浓度变化。结果表明:旱转涝处理淹水初期稻田水中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷浓度显著高于涝转旱处理,这个时期地表和地下排水应该引起注意。控制灌排条件下灌水量减少7.4%~18.5%,排水量减少23.0%~43.5%,NH_4~+-N负荷减少18.5%~54.5%,NO_3~--N负荷减少16.8%~57.7%,总磷负荷减少34.2%~58.3%;其中拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期在保证节水减排的同时,也能实现较高的产量;因此,控制灌排技术具有较好的节水减排效果,对南方稻作区灌排实践具有指导意义。     

节水灌溉控制排水条件下稻田水氮平衡试验与模拟

为了揭示我国南方灌区节水灌溉控制排水条件下稻田水平衡机制及其氮素迁移转化规律,以指导稻田水肥管理,该文以2007－2008年试验区域水稻生长期田间水氮监测数据为依据,基于一阶氮素动力反应方程,耦合田间水平衡及氮素渗漏和作物吸收过程,构建了田间水氮平衡模型,模拟计算了试验区稻田日渗漏水量与各氮素迁移转化过程中的日铵态氮和硝态氮量。结果表明,试验区田间水经渗漏和排水流失占降水和灌溉水总和的54.7%,气态氮素损失（挥发和反硝化）和渗漏是稻田氮素损失的主要途径,挥发和硝化损失量分别占铵态氮和硝态氮的30.6%和36.1%。渗漏流失中硝态氮明显高于铵态氮,排水中铵态氮高于硝态氮。通过渗漏流失的总氮素量亦较大,渗漏硝态氮和铵态氮分别占其相应氮素形态的9.8%和29.5%。因此,减少氮素气态损失有利于提高节水灌溉控制排水稻田氮肥利用率     

Surface drainage requirement of crops: Application of a piecewise linear model for evaluating submergence tolerance

Crop tolerance to land submergence is an important criterion for designing a surface drainage system for agricultural lands. This paper collates the available data from various places in India related to the studies on the submergence tolerance of crops. The paper hypothesizes that a piecewise linear model could be used to describe crop response to land submergence. According to this hypothesis, there would be no yield decline for a few initial days of submergence. If submergence continues beyond this period then there would be linear decline in yield. The unknown parameters in the model are: optimum yield, threshold time and the slope which represents the per cent yield reduction per day of additional submergence beyond the threshold.Data in respect of wheat, pigeon peas, cowpeas, pearlmillet, maize and groundnuts indicate that the model describes the data well, although in many cases the threshold is 0.0. The yield reduction varies from 5.3 to 23.2% for each day of submergence beyond the threshold. It appears that to allow for more than 1–2 days of submergence will result in more than 10% reducation in yield of dryfoot crops. For the maize crop, the seedling stage is the most sensitive stage followed by the silking stage. The grain formation stage is the least sensitive, although even at this stage the threshold is 0.0 and yield reduction is 9.3% for each day of submergence beyond the threshold. The data for 9 test crops from Texas and Venezuela were well described by the model. It is concluded that the piecewise linear model is a useful tool for describing submergence tolerance of crops and for working out surface drainage requirements for a given level of yield reduction. Frequency analysis of the daily rainfall data from some selected locations indicates that there is every likelihood of submergence at most of the stations. It is suggested that there is an urgent need for developing wet farming techniques analogous to dry farming techniques.     

滇池流域设施条件下氮磷对土壤硝酸盐累积的影响

 研究了滇池流域集约化地区设施条件下氮磷化肥对土壤硝酸盐的累积规律。研究结果表明:土壤中硝酸盐的积累主要受氮肥施用量的影响,磷肥对土壤中硝酸盐的积累的影响,因种植的作物不同而有较大的差异,在种植辣椒的土壤中,磷肥对土壤硝酸盐积累有显著影响,施磷降低土壤中的硝酸盐。在种植西芹的土壤中,磷肥对土壤中硝酸盐的影响因氮肥的投入量不同而有不同的表现,生菜中施磷对土壤硝酸盐累积无显著影响。     

秸秆排水体埋深对盐渍土水盐分布的影响及排水抑盐效果

为探究秸秆排水体对盐渍土水盐运移的影响及其排水排盐效果,通过室内土柱试验,研究在淡水(CK)和微咸水灌水情况下秸秆排水体埋深为40和60 cm时供试土壤的水盐分布状况。结果表明,入渗阶段,湿润锋与入渗时间呈幂函数关系,累积入渗量与入渗时间则可采用Kostiakov模型进行拟合;蒸发阶段,秸秆排水体对埋设深度以下的土体具有明显的保水作用,40 cm埋深的处理在40~70 cm土层范围以及60 cm埋深的处理在50~70 cm土层范围土壤水分变化的相对变化量均0;秸秆排水体有利于保持灌水后土壤的脱盐状态,40 cm埋深处理和60 cm埋深处理比无埋设的对照处理分别减少了19.61%和15.68%的盐分变化量;秸秆体的排水排盐效果与灌水矿化度和秸秆排水体埋深密切相关,灌溉水矿化度适当的增加和秸秆体的埋设加深将有利于排水效果的提升,低灌溉水矿化度结合秸秆体深埋具有更好的排盐效果。该研究为微咸水灌溉及盐渍土的开发利用提供依据和参考。     

Distribution and richness of diadromous fish assemblages in Western Europe: large-scale explanatory factors

Abstract –  The aim of this study was to analyse the distribution of 14 diadromous fish at the beginning of the 20th century in western Europe. This study was conducted on a set of 41 water basins. Five environmental variables were selected and we used generalised additive models for explaining the presence–absence of species. The richest basins were located in the centre of the study area. Six main assemblage types were identified along a latitudinal gradient; they were constituted of a common species basis but differed by the absence or presence of other species. The 10 single species models produced have moderate to very good discrimination level and they can correctly predict both absence and presence. Temperature is included in all but one model, response curves vary according to the species; surface area is included in six models.     

黔中废弃煤矿区酸性排水污染特征及对作物种苗生长的影响

通过对贵阳市花溪区麦坪乡废弃煤矿区酸性排水进行样品收集与分析,探讨煤矿酸性排水的污染特征及对作物种苗生长的影响。研究结果表明,在煤矿附近50～350m距离内溪沟水pH变化达2.35～6.3,污染物主要以SO24-、Fe、Mn为主;矸石堆洼地蓄积水完全抑制两种植物的萌发;距井口50m溪沟水和距井口30m农田水处理油菜都表现为种子发芽后发霉死亡;距井口100m处溪沟水和距井口30m农田水处理油菜和水稻的种子发芽率、幼苗鲜重和干重、发芽指数和简化活力指数与对照（蒸馏水处理）之间均存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）。煤矿酸性排水胁迫下,水稻各项指标变幅低于油菜,说明物种耐性强度为水稻〉油菜。