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51.
遮荫下2种热带树苗叶片光合特性和抗氧化酶系统对自然降温的响应 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
选取 2种遮荫条件下 (8%、2 5 %全光照 )西双版纳地区热带雨林上层树种滇南红厚壳和中层树种玉蕊的幼苗 ,测定了雨季末自然降温过程中 2种植物叶片光合特性、抗氧化酶 (SOD、CAT、APX)活性、丙二醛 (MDA)含量的变化。研究结果表明 :低温使 2种植物单位面积叶绿素含量和净光合速率明显下降 ,生长在中等光强下的幼苗比低光强下的幼苗下降的比率大 ,滇南红厚壳比玉蕊下降的比率大。在降温初期 ,即从 10月到 12月初 ,2种光强下 2种植物SOD和APX活性上升 ,CAT活性出现波动 ,黎明光化学效率和MDA含量基本没有变化 ,光合机构没有受到氧化破坏。 12月末 ,中等光强下滇南红厚壳黎明光化学效率降低 ,SOD和APX活性有所下降 ,MDA含量显著上升 ;而低光强下的滇南红厚壳和 2种光强下玉蕊SOD和APX活性仍在上升 ,MDA含量变化较小。这表明 ,2种光强下 2种热带树苗是以不同的方式响应自然降温 ,低温对中等光强下的植物比低光强下的影响大 ,上层树种滇南红厚壳受到的影响比中层树种玉蕊大。同时 ,根据降温过程中抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量的变化 ,大致可将西双版纳热带雨林幼苗对低温的响应分为 2个阶段 ,即第 1阶段为低温适应阶段 ,抗氧化酶活性上升 ,光合机构没有受到明显的氧化破坏 ;第 2阶段 ,中等光强下滇南红厚壳抗氧化酶 相似文献
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53.
Tree plantations of native and exotic species are frequently used to compensate for forest loss in the tropics. However, these plantations may support lower species diversity and different communities than natural forest. We therefore investigated bird communities in stands of natural forest, different types of tree plantations and secondary forest in Kakamega Forest, western Kenya. We compared birds differing in habitat specialisation, i.e. forest specialists, generalists, and visitors. We recorded significant differences in mean species richness and number of individuals among the different forest types. Stands of natural forest and plantations of indigenous tree species comprised more species and individuals than plantations of exotic tree species and secondary forest. This was caused by a significant decline of forest specialists and generalists from natural forest and indigenous plantations to exotic plantations and secondary forest. Species composition of the bird communities did not differ between natural forest stands and plantations of a mixture of indigenous tree species, but clearly changed between natural forest and plantations of single tree species. These findings demonstrate that natural forest areas are needed for the conservation of forest bird diversity, but that plantations with a mixture of indigenous tree species can have similarly high conservation value. 相似文献
54.
Jochen Schngart 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,256(1-2):46-58
Against a background of increasing human populations in developing countries, and global climate change, conservation of tropical forests remains one of the most important ecological challenges of our time. One of the biggest difficulties for ecologically sustainable management of tropical forests is obtaining reliable growth data for trees, which is a prerequisite for determining harvesting volumes and cutting cycles. GOL is the first concept for sustainable management of tropical timber resources in Amazonian floodplain forests (várzea) based on species-specific management criteria, such as minimum logging diameters (MLDs) and cutting cycles. From timber species with varying wood densities of different successional stages, volume stocks have been estimated in 1-ha plots and 12 growth models have been developed based on tree rings, which are annually formed as a consequence of the regular, long-term flooding. The MLDs of timber species vary between 47 and 70 cm and the estimated cutting cycles differ the 10-fold, from 3 to 32 years. These enormous differences in the growth rates between tropical timber species are not considered in current management practices, which apply only one diameter cutting limit and one cutting cycle to harvest many tree species. This practice risks the overexploitation of slow-growing timber species, while the fast-growing timber species with low wood densities cannot be efficiently used. Based on the timber stocks and lifetime growth rates, the GOL concept has been created as an aid to improve forest management in the Central Amazonian várzea. The model is unique for tropical silviculture. 相似文献
55.
北京7种园林植物及典型配置绿地用水量测算 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
用热扩散式边材液流探针(TDP)和盆栽法对北京7种常见园林植物的蒸腾用水量进行1个生长季的观测.结果表明:单株乔木(胸径15 cm左右)年用水量油松851.9 kg、侧柏982.7 kg、元宝枫1518.3 kg,元宝枫的用水量显著大于油松和侧柏;灌木单位叶面积年用水量大叶黄杨128.42 kg·m-2、金叶女贞117.28 kg·m-2、铺地柏82.38kg·m-2,铺地柏的用水量明显少于金叶女贞和大叶黄杨;6种典型配置绿地单位面积年用水量油松片林最少,为295 kg·m-2,金叶女贞绿篱最多,为1 083.2 kg·m-2.草地早熟禾纯草坪的用水量大于林下草坪,前者643.3kg·m-2,后者450.3 kg·m-2.纯草坪的用水量大于乔草型绿地,与灌草型绿地相差不大. 相似文献
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57.
让观光农业园以更加丰富多彩的形式体现其功能,是目前广东省观光农业园规划建设急需解决的问题。该文从广东省观光农业园景观的影响因素入手,分析景观意象、景观构成、景观特征、声音要素、行为特征等几方面在园区设计中的应用与特点;并结合广东省观光农业园的实际,探讨规划设计中如何利用这些影响因素,营造出有区域特色的观光农业园景观。 相似文献
58.
Alexandre M. Sebbenn Bernd Degen Vânia C.R. Azevedo Marivana B. Silva André E.B. de Lacerda Ana Y. Ciampi Milton Kanashiro Francimary da S. Carneiro Ian Thompson Marilyn D. Loveless 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008
In the last three decades, Amazon tropical forests have experienced high rates of deforestation, both by clearing for agriculture and by logging. In this study, we use computer simulations to examine the potential effects of forest logging on genetic diversity and demographic recovery (basal area development) of four neotropical tree species over a time frame reflecting multiple logging events. The study species, Bagassa guianensis Aubl., Hymenaea courbaril L., Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Chevalier, and Symphonia globulifera L.f., are all taxa which are commonly exploited for timber in the Brazilian Amazon. The simulations were parameterized using empirical data from field studies in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará State, Brazil, including genotypes at microsatellite loci, demography, ecology and growth for each species. Eight scenarios, combining two different cutting cycles and two minimum cutting diameters, were examined for each of the four species. The scenarios represent the actual forest practices used in Brazil and French Guiana (cutting diameter 45 and 60 cm, and cutting cycle of 30 and 65 years, respectively). Logging scenarios were applied for six cutting cycles, and final genetic and demographic data were compared to baseline data from corresponding control scenarios. At the end of the simulated period the basal area was strongly reduced under all conditions in B. guianensis, H. courbaril, and M. huberi. In only two scenarios was a species able to recover its basal area following logging (S. globulifera with both 45- and 60-cm cutting diameters under a 65-year cutting cycle). In the logging scenarios, all species showed a loss of alleles and genotypes and an increased genetic distance (calculated between each population at the start and the end of the simulations). These effects were higher under the most intensive logging cycles (30 years, 45 cm). However, effective number of alleles, expected and observed heterozygosities, and the fixation index were little affected by the logging simulations. Over all, we conclude that, even under very optimistic conditions for growth and recruitment, current logging practices are not sustainable in terms of basal area. Our simulations show that different species respond differently to logging, both demographically and genetically. No single set of logging parameters can be applied to the forest as a whole. Rather, forest management practices must be species-specific, taking into account not only growth parameters but also ecological and reproductive variables, in order to move toward long-term forest sustainability. 相似文献
59.
Big-leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King, Meliaceae) is the most valuable widely traded timber species from the Neotropics. Mahogany has been severely overexploited throughout its natural range, which stretches from southern Mexico through Central and South America as far south as the Bolivian Amazon. We investigated effects of selective logging on the genetic diversity of a mahogany population in eastern Amazonia. Using eight hypervariable microsatellite loci, we estimated the number of alleles per locus (A), mean expected and observed heterozygosity (He, Ho), the number of distinct multilocus genotypes (Go), and the inbreeding coefficient (f) for pre- and post-logging cohorts (adults and seedlings) collected over identical spatial scales. We found a significant reduction in the number of alleles, observed heterozygosity, and distinct multilocus genotype number in the post- compared to the pre-logging cohort. The loss of genetic diversity is likely to have occurred due to a reduction in the effective population size as a consequence of logging, which leads to the loss of alleles and limits mating possibilities. The results raise concerns about the conservation genetics of logged mahogany populations where a high proportion of adults are removed from the system. We suggest initiatives to promote the maintenance of genetic diversity as an integral part of the production system, allowing genetically sustainable use of this valuable timber resource. 相似文献
60.
Hirobe Muneto Sabang John Bhatta Balram K. Takeda Hiroshi 《Journal of Forest Research》2004,9(4):341-346
In a lowland tropical rain forest in Sarawak, leaf-litter decomposition and the initial litter chemistry of 15 tree species
were studied. During 13 months of field experiment, weight loss of litter samples was between 44% and 91%, and calculated
decomposition rate constants (k) ranged from 0.38 to 2.36 year−1. The initial litter chemistry also varied widely (coefficients of variation: 19%–74%) and showed low N and P concentrations
and high acid-insoluble residue (AIS) concentration. For nutrient-related litter chemistry, correlations with the decomposition
rate were significant only for P concentration, C/P ratio, and AIS/P ratio (r
s
= 0.59, −0.62, and −0.68, n = 15, P < 0.05, respectively). For organic constituents, correlations were significant for concentrations of AIS and total carbohydrates,
and AIS/acid-soluble carbohydrate ratio (r
s
= −0.81, 0.51, and −0.76, n = 15, P < 0.05, respectively). These results suggested that the relatively slow mean rate of decomposition (k = 1.10) was presumably due to the low litter quality (low P concentration and high AIS concentration), and that P might influence
the decomposition rate; but organic constituents, especially the concentration of AIS, were more important components of initial
litter chemistry than nutrient concentrations. 相似文献