Habitat selection of freshwater‐dependent cetaceans and the potential effects of declining freshwater flows and sea‐level rise in waterways of the Sundarbans mangrove forest,Bangladesh

• 1. Generalized additive models of sighting data for cetaceans collected during two surveys of waterways in the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh indicated that Ganges River dolphin Platanista gangetica gangetica distribution was conditionally dependent (P<0.05) on low salinity, high turbidity, and moderate depth during both low and high freshwater flow; and Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris distribution was conditionally dependent (P<0.05) on low salinity during high freshwater flow, high and moderate depths during low and high freshwater flow, respectively; low and high‐low extremes of turbidity during low and high freshwater flow, respectively; and high temperature and increasing numbers of large–small channel confluences during low freshwater flow.
• 2. According to sighting data collected over a 3‐year period by the captains of three nature tourism vessels, there were significant differences between the actual and expected frequencies of Ganges River dolphin sightings and individuals according to various channel types (chi‐square=64.22, P<0.0001 and chi‐square=134.14, P<0.0001, respectively, df=6) and of Irrawaddy dolphin sightings and individuals (chi‐square=15.28, P=0.0182, and chi‐square=29.42, P<0.0001, respectively, df=6), with shared preferences for wide sinuous channels with at least two small confluences or one large confluence.
• 3. The dependency exhibited by both species for environmental characteristics associated with abundant freshwater flow, including low salinity and the availability of confluences, make them particularly vulnerable to habitat loss due to upstream water abstraction and sea‐level rise.
• 4. Although the results of this study may not affect plans for construction in India of large‐scale, inter‐basin water transfer projects that will result in further declines in freshwater flows, or decisions within the international community about CO₂ emissions affecting global sea levels, they can be used to prioritize locations where protective measures could be employed to benefit the long‐term conservation of both species.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GIS支持下的永久基本农田建设区域划定

基本农田是耕地的精华,全面划定永久基本农田对土地整治规划和基本农田建设有重要现实意义,也是2016年国家政府工作报告中的重点工作内容。从基本农田质量、基本农田地形条件、基本农田区位条件、基本农田区位设施状态等方面构建评价指标体系,利用线性加权综合评价法,并基于GIS技术,以湖北省当阳市为例,研究如何划定永久基本农田建设区域,以期为县域永久基本农田建设和耕地的持续利用提供参考。     

Dietary protein level and natural food management in the culture of blue (Litopenaeus stylirostris) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in microcosms

The effect of dietary protein level and natural food management on the production parameters of blue and white shrimp, as well as on water quality, was evaluated in a microcosms system (plastic pools simulating aquaculture ponds). Two experimental trials were carried out in the facilities of DICTUS, University of Sonora, Northwest México. Treatment with low protein diet (LP) consisted of a low protein input (diet with 250 g kg^?1 crude protein) through the culture period; treatment with high protein diet (HP) consisted of a high protein input (diet with 400 g kg^?1 crude protein) through the trial, and finally treatment VP consisted of an adjustment of protein input (diets with 250, 350 or 400 g kg^?1 crude protein), depending on the abundance of biota (zooplankton and benthos) in the system. Each species responded differently to the treatments. For blue shrimp, low protein input resulted in the lowest final body weight (12.9 ± 0.6 g) and biomass (696.0 g pool^?1). Survival and feed conversion ratio were similar in the three treatments. For white shrimp, the best growth, biomass and food conversion ratio were obtained in the low protein input treatment. Water quality parameters such as nitrate, ammonia and organic matter during the two trials, were better for LP and VP treatments. White shrimp seems to have lower protein requirements than blue shrimp. For the blue shrimp culture, adjusting protein input according to natural food abundance (zooplankton and benthos) in the system, seems to be advantageous because of the possibility of getting a production similar to that obtained with a high protein input through the farming period, but at lower feed cost, and with a lower environmental impact. It is concluded that a high protein input through the whole farming period is not the best feeding strategy for any of the two species.     

饲料粗脂肪水平对大泷六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii消化酶活性的影响

在水温(19±0.5)℃下,将体质量(66.5±1.1)g的大泷六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii饲养在实际水量为60L的水槽中,投喂粗蛋白为50%左右,脂肪水平分别为4.17%(L1)、6.73%(L2)、10.33%(L3)、12.85%(L4),及15.72%(L5)的5种饲料,研究饲料中脂肪水平对大泷六线鱼消化酶活性的影响。7周的饲养结果表明:随着饲料脂肪水平的增加,大泷六线鱼各消化组织中蛋白酶活性无显著性差异(P0.05),但淀粉酶活性却随着脂肪水平的增加而降低(P0.05)。L1组鱼胃、幽门盲囊和肠的淀粉酶活性最大,显著高于L4和L5组(P0.05),但与L2和L3组没有显著性差异(P0.05);L1组肝胰脏淀粉酶活性最大,与L3、L4和L5组有显著性差异(P0.05)。脂肪酶活性随着饲料脂肪水平的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势。L3组鱼胃和肠的脂肪酶活性最大,显著高于其他组(P0.05);L3组鱼幽门盲囊脂肪酶活性最高,与L1、L2和L5组有显著性差异(P0.05),但与L4组差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,大泷六线鱼饲料中最适脂肪添加水平为10.33%。     

大口黑鲈饲料中适宜的淀粉源及添加水平

以4种淀粉,蜡质玉米淀粉(L)、高直链玉米淀粉(Z)、小麦淀粉(X)和木薯淀粉(M),分别以5%和10%的添加量配制了8种等氮和等能(CP 48%,GE 18.5 MJ/kg)的饲料(L5、L10、Z5、Z10、X5、X10、M5和M10)。用上述饲料饲养初始体重为(23.46±0.19)g的大口黑鲈45 d,以评定大口黑鲈饲料的适宜淀粉源及添加水平。结果显示,饲料中淀粉的添加水平和淀粉源对大口黑鲈的生长、饲料利用、体组成和非特异性免疫指标均有显著影响。随着同一种淀粉的添加量从5%升至10%,L10、X10和M10组实验鱼的特定生长率和摄食率显著降低,但饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著升高,而Z5和Z10组间的上述指标的差异不显著;L10、X10和M10组的肝体比、脏体比和肝糖原含量均显著升高,但Z5和Z10组间的脏体比差异不显著;全鱼和肝的脂肪含量及肝的蛋白质含量均显著降低;L10组的红细胞数和红细胞压积、Z10组的血清甘油三酯及X10组的红细胞压积和血清甘油三酯水平显著降低;Z10组的血清补体活性显著降低;L5、Z5、X5和M5组的餐后3~12 h的血糖水平各自低于L10、Z10、X10和M10组。不同的淀粉源在相同的添加量的情况下,Z5组的淀粉表观消化率和肝体比显著地低于L5、X5和M5组,而脂肪沉积率显著高于L5、X5和M5组;M5组的蛋白质表观消化率显著低于L5、Z5和X5组;Z10组的淀粉表观消化率、肝体比、脏体比和肝糖原含量显著低于L10、X10和M10组,而脂肪沉积率显著高于L10、X10和M10组;M10组的蛋白质表观消化率显著低于L10、Z10和X10组。饲料中淀粉的添加水平和淀粉源对大口黑鲈的摄食率、特定生长率、蛋白质消化率、脂肪沉积率、肝体比、肝糖原含量、红细胞数、血清甘油三酯含量和血清补体活性均有显著的交互作用。本研究表明,饲料的淀粉源和水平对大口黑鲈的生长、体组成、血液学指标、餐后血糖和非特异性免疫指标均有不同程度的影响,饲料中添加5%的蜡质玉米淀粉、高直链玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉和木薯淀粉均无妨碍,但添加10%的淀粉水平唯有高直链玉米淀粉较为合适。     

三疣梭子蟹FAMeT基因克隆及其在蜕皮周期中的表达水平

法尼酸甲基转移酶(farnesoic acid O-methyl transferase, FAMeT)是甲基法尼酯(methyl farnesoate, MF)生物合成途径中最后一步的关键酶,MF是一种类似昆虫保幼激素(juvenile hormone, JH)的倍半萜,在甲壳动物的生长发育及繁殖过程中起到了重要作用。本文克隆得到了三疣梭子蟹FAMeT的全长cDNA序列（GenBank登录号：KC192659）,它包括一个201bp 的5非编码区、一个318bp的 3非编码区,和一个825bp的开放阅读框（ORF）,编码274个氨基酸;推导的氨基酸序列与已公布的其他甲壳动物FAMeT进行比对,发现一致性达75%-97%,其中与远海梭子蟹FAMeT的一致性最高;而且该氨基酸序列由两个CF（CPAMD8/FAMeT）区域组成,这两个CF区域是FAMeT的标志,在所有甲壳动物的FAMeT里均有发现,因此推导的氨基酸序列是三疣梭子蟹FAMeT基因。我们运用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)的方法分析了其在不同组织中、不同蜕皮周期中的表达量变化,发现FAMeT在三疣梭子蟹的各个组织里均有表达且在胸神经节(Taoracic ganglia)里表达最强;在三疣梭子蟹蜕皮过程中,大颚器FAMeT在D1期表达最强,然后逐渐下降至D4最低。该结果表明FAMeT在三疣梭子蟹蜕皮调控中起着重要的作用。     

Effect of ingredient particle sizes and dietary viscosity on digestion and faecal waste of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

The ingredients’ particle size and dietary viscosity may alter digestion, performance and faecal waste management of fish. This study aimed to assess the effect of grinding screen sizes of feed ingredients and dietary viscosity on digestibility, faecal waste and performance of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878). The experiment had a 2 × 3 factorial‐design: two feed mesh particle sizes, by grinding ingredient mixtures at two screen sizes (0.8 versus 1.0 mm); and three dietary viscosity levels, created by exchanging carboxymethylcellulose by guar gum (GG) (0, 3 and 6 g of GG/kg of diet). Six diets were assigned to 18 tanks, each connected to three faecal settling tanks. All aquaria were stocked with 20 fish (82 g per fish). After 52 experimental days, dietary viscosity negatively affected both feed digestibility and performance of striped catfish; as a result, the amount of organic matter in the culture system through faeces had increased significantly. The coarse diets significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter and carbohydrate but worsened feed conversion ratio. Increasing dietary viscosity tended to increase the viscosity and moisture content of the faeces, but significantly accelerated the faecal disintegration through the reduction of both faecal recovery and the amount of recovered faeces.     

日粮水平和饵料种类对黑鲷能量收支的影响

采用室内流水实验法研究了摄食水平和饵料种类对黑鲷能量收支各组分和模式的影响。结果表明，黑鲷的生长量，总呼吸代谢量，排泄量及生态转换效率均随日粮水平升高呈增长趋势，二者之间的定量关系可分别用对数曲线或直线加以定量描述；不同生物饵料能造成黑鲷摄食，生长，排泄和总呼吸代水平的显著差异，但却不能改变以比能值为单位的生态转换效率。黑鲷的呼能量收支分配率随摄食水平不同有较显著差异；代谢能分配率和排泄能分配率随摄食水平增大呈U型变化趋势，而生长能分配率却恰恰相反。除摄食高蛋白饵料时引起排泄能分配率增加外，摄食不同饵料对黑铜的能量分配模式影响不十分显著。     

淀山湖湖水氮与叶绿素的时间格局转变研究

采用STARS（sequential t-test analysis of regime shifts）,以淀山湖湖水中TN、NH3-N、Chl-a和SD为指标,研究了淀山湖湖水氮与叶绿素在1991-2006年间的格局转变规律,分析了转变前后氮与叶绿素的格局特点。结果得出：1991-2006年间,淀山湖湖水中NH3-N和TN含量均存在两种格局,一次转变,发生转变的时间均在2000年;格局转变前NH3-N平均含量为0.649 mg•L-1,转变后为2.014 mg•L-1,是转变前的3.1倍;湖水TN的平均含量格局转变前为2.550 mg•L-1,转变后3.726 mg•L-1,是转变前的1.5倍。淀山湖湖水中Chl-a含量和SD也均存在两种格局,转变均发生在2001年。格局转变前湖水中Chl-a平均含量9.341ug•L-1,转变后19.713ug•L-1,是转变前的2.1倍;湖水SD在转变前平均62 cm,转变后降低为43 cm。2000年的格局转变指数（RSI）2.185,其中NH3-N的RSI 1.038,TN的1.147;2001年的RSI为1.341,其中Chl-a的0.318,SD的为1.023。     

Dependence of recruitment on parent stock of the spiny lobster,Panulirus argus,in Florida

Despite management practices to achieve sustainability, commercial landings for Florida spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) have experienced a drastic decline (57%) since 2000. This is cause for concern not only for economic reasons, but for issues of sustainability. An annual index of P. argus post‐larval (puerulus) abundance, estimated with a generalized linear model with significant mean sea‐level effects, shows a 36% decrease in annual puerulus supply since 1988. In addition, local Florida spawning stock biomass estimated from an age‐structured sequential population analysis decreased 57% since 1988. Puerulus abundance follows a highly correlated (R = 0.76) trend with a 12‐month delayed spawning stock abundance, which supports the contention that the Florida spawning population is a significant contributing factor to post‐larval recruitment in Florida. Residuals about the puerulus on spawning stock abundance function follow closely an interannual North Atlantic Oscillation Index signal. This residual effect is thought of as a secondary regional population effect on Florida puerulus recruitment. The Florida spiny lobster stock is exploited with no fishing mortality controls due to the Pan Caribbean recruitment concept adopted in Florida spiny lobster management. Therefore, the potential of recruitment overfishing exists if fishing mortality controls to protect local spawning stock abundance, such as catch quotas, are not introduced.