春小麦和苜蓿根际溶磷菌筛选及其溶磷能力测定

对春小麦(Triticum aestivum)和苜蓿(Medicago sativa)根际和非根际土壤中溶磷菌进行分离得到溶磷菌株368株,小麦和苜蓿根际溶磷菌数量分布为:根际土(RS)>远离根际土(NRS)>根表(RP)>根内(HP)。利用溶磷圈法初步筛选出66株具有较高溶磷能力的菌株,经钼蓝比色法测定其溶磷量,获得12株溶磷量大于100 mg/L的高效溶磷菌,且发现溶磷能力与pH值没有显著相关性。     

蚯蚓生物制剂对小麦幼苗生理代谢和生长的影响

蚯蚓生物制剂对小麦生理代谢和生长的影响研究表明，在小麦种子萌发期，过氧化氢酶，酸性磷酸酯酶活性和三磷酸腺苷含量分别比对照提高１１９．１％，１１．４％和３７．５％，在小麦幼苗时期，硝酸还原酶活性和幼苗吸收磷的能力分别比对照提高９８．６％和２８．２％。在小麦芽期，种子活力指数比对照提高２８．９％。小麦三叶期苗高，根长和干重分别比对照提高１３．２％，１９．２％和２４．１％。     

第7同源染色体组对小麦气体交换及荧光参数的影响

[目的]研究7号同源染色体（7A、7B、7D）对小麦光合作用的影响,为今后采用遗传和生理生化手段进行小麦的高光效遗传改良提供一定理论依据。[方法]以山西农科院温室大棚中种植的小麦中国春及其7A、7B、7D染色体缺失植株N7A、N7B、N7D（美国堪萨斯州立大学B.S.Gill教授提供）为材料,于灌浆初期进行相关指标测定,研究小麦7A、7B、7D染色体对小麦光合特性的影响。[结果]N7A、N7B在灌浆初期的光合速率、气孔导度、原初光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ的实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）、PSⅡ的表观电子传递速率（ETR）都明显低于中国春,且差异达显著水平（P〈0.05）;N7D的光合速率、气孔导度都明显高于普通小麦中国春,且差异达显著水平（P〈0.05）;Fv/Fm、ФPSⅡ、ETR也高于中国春,但差异不显著。[结论]7A、7B染色体对光合速率有正效应,与气孔导度和光化学反应（荧光参数）均有关系;7D染色体对光合速率具有负效应,而这种负效应主要与气孔导度有关,与光化学反应（荧光参数）无关。     

108杨叶片再生体系的建立

[目的]研究欧美杨108离体叶片再生技术,为遗传转化研究提供科学依据。[方法]研究了外植体的消毒方法和不同激素组合对叶片再生和不定芽生根的诱导效果。[结果]茎段外植体消毒的最佳处理为：75%乙醇溶液消毒10s＋0.1%升汞消毒10min,污染率和褐化率均低,成活率较高;叶片诱导分化培养基以MS＋6-BA0.6mg/L＋NAA0.2mg/L效果最好,诱导率100%,平均不定芽诱导数为26.43个;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS＋IBA0.3mg/L或1/2MS＋IAA0.3mg/L,生根率可达100%,生根数分别为4.83条和5.20条。[结论]以108杨叶片为外植体,建立了108杨的高效再生体系。     

小麦品质性状的灰色关联分析

本文利用灰色关联分析方法对15个小麦品种的蛋白质与若干加工品质性状、沉淀值与粉质仪测定值、不同氨基酸与蛋白质的关系进行了研究。结果表明:在出粉率、湿面筋、沉淀值和白度这几个品质性状中,以出粉率与蛋白质的关联度最大,以沉淀值与蛋白质的关联度最小;6个粉质仪测定值中,以稳定时间、评价值、带宽与沉淀值关联度最大,而面团形成时间与之关联度较小。15种氨基酸与蛋白质的关联度相似,人体必需的8种氨基酸大多与蛋白质关系密切。另外,本文还对灰色关联分析方法在研究作物性状间相互关系的应用问题作了讨论。     

小麦不育材料幼胚培养植株再生性研究

本试验对小麦两类不育材料幼胚愈伤诱导及分化进行了研究,结果表明:①N6培养基愈伤组织诱导率最高95%～100%;不同材料平均出愈率由高到低依次为雄性不育1号、雄性不育2号、雌性不育1号;②接种18～30dMS培养基最早产生不定芽分化。最早可见不定芽分化的材料为雄性不育1号,分化进程较雌性不育幼胚提早7～10d;雄性不育1号和雌性不育1号幼胚愈伤组织分别培养45,52d分化率达峰值均为100%,雄性不育2号材料在培养112d分化率达峰值67.4%;③单独加入2,4 D并随2,4 D浓度降低不定芽分化率有增加的趋势。2,4 D与KT配合使用不定芽分化率最高,达100%,以低浓度2,4 D(0.25～0.50mg·L-1)与KT(0.1～0.2mg·L-1)配合为宜。④分化不定芽在不同培养基中生长增殖不同,以C17为最佳同时附加KT0.2mg·L-1 2,4 D0.1mg·L-1分化苗可增殖6倍;再生植株移栽成活率80%以上;接种至移栽历时4个月。     

强筋小麦胚乳淀粉粒度分布特征及其对弱光的响应

 【目的】揭示强筋小麦淀粉粒度分布特征,探讨小麦挑旗后不同阶段弱光对其胚乳淀粉粒度分布特征的影响。【方法】利用自制遮荫棚设挑旗-开花、花后1～10 d、花后11～20 d、花后21～30 d弱光处理,以大田种植小麦为对照,对2个强筋小麦品种（藁城8901和济南17）在不同弱光处理下胚乳中淀粉粒的数目、体积和表面积分布进行分析测定。【结果】小麦胚乳不同粒径淀粉粒数目分布呈单峰曲线变化,体积和表面积分布均呈双峰曲线变化。B型淀粉粒（直径<10 µm）占胚乳淀粉粒数目、体积和表面积的百分数分别为99.89%、46.85%和84.43%,A型淀粉粒（直径≥10 µm）的值分别为0.11%、53.15%和15.57%。挑旗后不同阶段弱光处理对小麦胚乳淀粉粒的数目、体积和表面积分布均有明显影响。花后11～20 d弱光处理时A型淀粉粒的数目百分数显著降低,其它处理变化不明显;弱光对B型淀粉粒内部的数目分布状况影响显著,且此影响存在遮光时期、基因型和粒位的差异。挑旗～开花弱光处理后,藁城8901强势粒BS型（直径<1 µm）淀粉粒数目降低,BL型（直径1～10 µm）淀粉粒升高,而弱势粒呈相反趋势;济南17强势粒的淀粉粒数目分布变化不显著,而弱势粒BS型淀粉粒数目降低,BL型淀粉粒升高。灌浆前期弱光处理提高小麦胚乳中BS型淀粉粒数目,中后期弱光处理提高BL型淀粉粒数目,且中期弱光处理的作用大于后期。2个品种B型淀粉粒的体积和表面积在灌浆前期弱光处理后显著提高,而A型淀粉粒的体积和表面积降低;挑旗～开花和灌浆中后期弱光处理后,A和B型淀粉粒的体积和表面积变化呈现与灌浆前期相反的趋势。【结论】强筋小麦胚乳淀粉粒数目分布呈单峰曲线变化,体积和表面积分布呈双峰曲线变化。弱光对强筋小麦胚乳淀粉粒度分布存在显著影响。     

Genetic and Association Mapping Study of English Grain Aphid Resistance and Tolerance in Bread Wheat Germplasm

English grain aphid （EGA） is a destructive insect pest of wheat. To identify the loci associated with EGA resistance and tolerance, 70 bread wheat accessions mainly from central Asia were evaluated for EGA resistance and tolerance traits at two locations, and genotyped with 51 SSR markers. Totally, three accessions showed high or moderate levels resistance and 17 genotypes displayed highly or moderately tolerate to EGA. Genetic diversity of these lines was investigated also. After 97 SSR loci which evenly covered all wheat chromosomes were scanned for association, four SSR loci were significantly associated with EGA resistance and four with EGA tolerance. After association analysis was conducted with dynamic aphid densities, we found four loci Xgwm192b, Xgwm391, Xbarc98, and Xgwm613b were detected continuously at different growing stages of wheat. In addition, the loci of EGA resistance/tolerance and Russian wheat aphid resistance were compared. The results generated in this study would be helpful for utilization of the EGA resistance/tolerance germplasm, and for development of mapping populations in EGA resistance breeding programs.     

The Relationship Between Developmental Accumulation of Leaf Soluble Proteins and Vernalization Response of Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.em. Thell）

The relationship between vernalization requirement and quantitative and qualitative changes in total leaf soluble proteins were determined in one spring （cv. Kohdasht） and two winter （cvs. Sardari and Norstar） cultivars of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） exposed to 4℃. Plants were sampled on days 2, 14, 21 and 35 of exposure to 4℃. The final leaf number （FLN） was determined throughout the vernalization periods （0, 7, 14, 24, and 35 d） at 4℃. The final leaf number decreased until days 24 and 35 in Sardari and Norstar eultivars, respectively, indicating the vernalization saturation at these times. No clear changes were detected in the final leaf number of Kohdash cultivar, verifying no vernalization requirement for this spring wheat cultivar. Comparing with control, clear cold-induced 2-fold increases in proteins quantity occurred after 48 h following the 4℃-treatment in the leaves of the both winter wheat cultivars but, such response was not detected in the spring cultivar. However, the electrophoretic protein patterns showed between-cultivar and between-temperature treatment differences. With increasing exposure time to 4℃, the winter cultivars tended to produce more HMW polypeptides than the spring cultivar. Similar proteins were induced in both Sardari and Norstar winter wheat cultivars, however, the long vernalization requirement in Norstar resulted in high level and longer duration of expression of cold-induced proteins compared to Sardari with a short vernalization requirement. These observations indicate that vernalization response regulates the expression of low temperature （LT） tolerance proteins and determines the duration of expression of LT- induced proteins.     

切花菊‘白扇’开放式组培快繁体系的建立

以切花菊‘白扇’的带腋芽茎段为外植体,以次氯酸钠为表面消毒剂,确定最佳的消毒浓度及消毒时间;以山梨酸钾、次氯酸钠和代森锰锌为抑菌剂,确定开放式初代、继代和生根培养基中抑菌剂的最佳组合,建立开放式组培快繁体系。试验结果表明：外植体最佳消毒条件为0.1%（V/V）次氯酸钠消毒15 min;在初代培养基中,抑菌剂最佳组合为50 mg/L代森锰锌、0.01%（V/V）次氯酸钠和5 mg/L山梨酸钾,该组合的污染率较低,为36.7%。开放式培养中芽的生长情况、诱导率均无显著差异;在继代增殖和生根培养阶段,抑菌剂的最佳组合为40 mg/L代森锰锌、0.01%（V/V）次氯酸钠和5 mg/L山梨酸钾,芽的增殖系数和生根率较高,分别为5.93%、80.0%,芽生长良好,与常规组培无明显差异。