Heading date and resistance to septoria tritici blotch in wheat not genetically associated

Nineteen cultivars, with large differences in heading date, were evaluated for their response to septoria tritici blotch in two experimental setups in Njoro, Kenya. Due to the more or less constant temperatures during the growing season and the overhead irrigation applied the epidemic conditions were similar over the whole observation period for the early and late cultivars. In experiment 1 the cultivars were assessed for disease severity at the same moment irrespective of the developmental stage, while in experiment 2 the cultivars were assessed at the same developmental stage. Measured at the same time, the disease severity was highest in the early maturing cultivars and lowest in the late maturing cultivars (r = –0.78). When assessed at the same development stage the disease build up was independent of heading date (r = –0.10) but strongly dependent on resistance level. There were no indications that early heading cultivars were more susceptible than late heading cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

半干旱黄土丘陵区沙棘优良品种引种栽培试验研究

1994-2003年在黄土高原半干旱区的陕西吴旗县、安塞县进行中国沙棘优良类型和俄罗斯优良沙棘品种引种试验,采用家系选择法初步筛选出5个中国沙棘生态经济型优良单株,对3个俄罗斯良种沙棘的生长适应性经济性状进行了评价。前者生长迅速、树冠好、根系发达、郁闭快、水土保持效益好,果实较大、单株产量较高、Vc和含油量较高,适于在黄土丘陵区种植;后者经济性状较好,果实大、无刺或少刺,但适应性较中国沙棘差。     

Agronomical,quality, and molecular characterization of twenty Italian emmer wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum dicoccon</Emphasis>) accessions

Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank, 2n = 4x = 28) consists in a hulled wheat; its cultivation has been drastically reduced during the last century as a consequence of its low yield. Recently, its agronomic and nutritive values, as well as the increase of popularity of organic agriculture, have led to a renewed interest making its cultivation economically viable in the marginal lands with an increase of the cultivated areas. In Italy, it mainly survives in few marginal lands of central and southern Italy, where local varieties, adapted to the natural environment from where they originate, are used; moreover, some selected lines have also been developed. In the present work, agro-morphological and qualitative traits, together with molecular analyses of 20 emmer accessions consisting of Italian landraces, breeding lines, and cultivars, were performed. The field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years (2001/2002–2002/2003) in two locations: Viterbo in central Italy, and Foggia in south Italy. The analyzed emmer wheat accessions showed a good amount of genetic variability for both evaluated agro-morphological and molecular traits. This study illustrates an increase in earliness, GY, TW, TKW, and YI going from landraces, breeding lines to cultivars, while the variability does not change proportionally.     

小麦籽粒胚乳淀粉合成酶基因表达及酶活性分析

为研究小麦籽粒淀粉合成酶基因表达与酶活性的特征,选用4个淀粉含量差异较大的普通六倍体小麦新春24、E28（高淀粉含量组）和宁春16、安农9912（低淀粉含量组）为试验材料,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR ,对灌浆期籽粒淀粉合成酶相关基因的表达进行研究,并对其表达量与相应酶活性的相关性做了分析。结果表明,束缚态淀粉合成酶基因(GBSS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶基因(SSS)、淀粉分支酶基因( SBE)、淀粉去分支酶（DBE）基因均呈单峰曲线变化。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测9个基因在不同淀粉含量的4个供试品种花后不同时期的相对表达量,结果表明,花后6d这些基因开始表达,在灌浆的中期（花后12~18d不等）有表达的小高峰,但在不同时期,2个高淀粉含量的品种中各种酶活性及其酶基因的相对表达量均比2个低淀粉含量的品种相对较高;这些基因表达谱与酶活性相关分析显示, 除GBSS外其他几种淀粉合成酶基因均与相应酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关,而且GBSS酶活性到达峰值时间稍迟于DBE、SSS、SBE等酶,说明DBE、SSS、SBE基因可能主要通过转录水平来控制籽粒淀粉的合成,而GBSS基因可能主要通过转录后水平来控制籽粒淀粉的合成。     

香樟的引种与驯化研究

对香樟(Cinnamomum camphora(Linn)Presl)由原产地引进北方园林的主要制约因素——冬季低温及越冬抗寒能力进行研究，观察比较越冬失败的原因，总结出了引种驯化的技术经验，使香樟真正落户于北方园林。     

固氮螺菌突变株CWV-22对作物物质生产及氮素循环的影响 Ⅰ.CWV-22对小麦玉米生长发育及吸氮量影响的砂培试验

1989年进行了小麦、玉米施用CWV-22的苗期砂培试验。结果表明,在10～15mM NH_4~+的培养介质中,CWV-22能与小麦、玉米根系形成联合体;同Sp7比较,施用CWV-22的小麦株高,叶数,干物重和吸氮量分别增加4.6％,6.7％,20％和34％,玉米株高、叶数,干物重和吸氮量分别增6.5％,2.2％,30％和17％,同不施菌的比较,施用CWV-22的小麦株高、叶数、干物重和吸氮量分别增加6.4％,9.6％,34％和43％,玉米株高、叶数、干物重和吸氮量分别增加21％,9.3％,16％和20％。     

天水地区小麦品种抗条锈性变异动态监测研究

通过系统调查和试验查明,天水地区种植的重要品种77-69和成良5号、6号已丧失抗条锈性,引致这些品种丧失抗锈性的原因主要是条中29号小种及其相近致病类型的出现和发展,山区低温为引致变异的重要诱因。提出成良5号、6号应停止种植,77-69高产可在川区控制使用,并提出了抗性比较稳定的品种。     

kr基因在普通小麦—偃麦草双二倍体背景下的遗传表达分析

通过ＣＳ／Ｔｈ．ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｍ和ＣＳ／Ｔｈ．ｂｅｓａｒｂｉｃｕｍ两个双二倍体与黑麦和粘果山羊草的可杂交性，分析了中国春（ＣＳ）的隐性ｋｒ基因在普通小麦－偃麦草双二倍体下的遗传表达。结果表明，偃麦草种Ｔｈ．ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｍ和Ｔｈ．ｂｅｓａｒｂｉｃｕｍ中可能存在抑制ＣＳ隐性ｋｒ基因在普通小麦－偃麦草双二倍体中正常表达的遗传因子，其抑制效应因与普通小麦－偃麦草双二倍体杂交的父本不同而异。同时，Ｔｈ．ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｍ和Ｔｈ．ｂｅｓａｒｂｉｃｕｍ两个种中的抑制因子的抑制效应也存在差异。     

小麦叶片在干旱条件下的膜损伤与脂质过氧化

随干旱强度的加剧，用传统方法测得的小麦叶片中ＴＢＡＲＳ的含量不断增加；但在排除了糖类物质干扰后，ＴＢＡＲＳ含量却随干旱强度的增加而稍有下降。脂质氢过氧化物含量及乙烷释放速率在处理间无明显差异、干旱刺激生成的同时促进了ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ及ＧＲ的活性。干旱条件下小麦叶片膜透性的增加与脂质过氧化无直接联系。     

普通小麦—华山新麦草异代换系和附加系的C—分带鉴定

利用染色体C-分带技术,对普通小麦-华山新麦草异代换系和附加系进行了细胞学鉴定。鉴定结果表明,普通小麦-华山新麦草的3个异代换系H921-6-12为5A/Nh5代换、H922-9-12为3B/Nh4代换、H924-3-4为3D/Nh4代换,2个异附加系H8911-1-2-6为Nh4附加、H9014-154-2为Nh7附加。初步推断华山新麦草的Nh5和Nh4染色体分别能补偿普通小麦的5A和3B,3D的缺失。