云南铁壳麦抗条锈病基因的SSR分子初步检测

为探讨云南小麦亚种(Triticum aestivumssp yunnanense King,俗称铁壳麦)不同品种可能携带的已知和未知的抗条锈病基因,用38对与51个已知小麦抗条锈病基因连锁的SSR引物,对37份云南铁壳麦进行了SSR分子检测。结果显示,云南铁壳麦携带有丰富的与已知抗条锈病基因Yr9、Yr10、Yr29、Yr41、YrTp1、YrSM139、YrSP、YrGn6、Yrvav-B1、YrSyria、YrXu、YrM8003和YrCD等连锁的SSR位点,其中24份具有与中国春相同或类似、且与Yr18连锁的Xgwm295标记。用8对引物Xgwm582、Xwmc477、Xwmc364、Xg-wm429、Xwmc702、Xwmc438、Xwmc810和Xgdm116检测到部分云南铁壳麦携带来自黑麦的Yr9和YrM8003、长穗偃麦草的YrTp1和YrTp2、华山新麦草的YrHy和中间偃麦草的Yr88375和YrZhong22抗条锈病基因的片段,并可能含有抗条锈病新基因,应重视其发掘与定位研究;许多云南铁壳麦含有高度慢条锈病的Yr18基因,应在云南小麦新品种选育中高度重视和加以利用。     

普通小麦“宁7840×Clark”RIL群体抗条锈病QTL分析(英文)

为了解小麦条锈病抗病基因在染色体上的位置,对源自小麦杂交组合宁7840×Clark的重组自交系(RIL)群体进行了抗条锈病QTL分析。结果表明,在染色体1BS上检测到一个主效的QTL即QYr-hwwg-1B。该QTL由抗病亲本宁7840提供,位于SNP标记Xsnp3620和Xsnp5435之间,区间长度为2.5cM,可解释55.8%的表型变异。根据宁7840的小种抗性推测QYr-hwwg-1B可能是由来自1B/1R易位系的抗病基因Yr9引起的。抗性基因Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr24、Yr26、YrH52和YrAlp均位于小麦1B染色体短臂的一端,形成一个抗条锈基因簇,并与SSR标记Xgwm11紧密连锁。另外,有56个SNP标记与该标记区间共分离,可以用于小麦抗条锈基因精细定位图谱的构建及分子标记辅助选择育种。     

Effects of transition season management on soil N dynamics and system N balances in rice–wheat rotations of Nepal

In the low-input rice–wheat production systems of Nepal, the N nutrition of both crops is largely based on the supply from soil pools. Declining yield trends call for management interventions aiming at the avoidance of native soil N losses. A field study was conducted at two sites in the lowland and the upper mid-hills of Nepal with contrasting temperature regimes and durations of the dry-to-wet season transition period between the harvest of wheat and the transplanting of lowland rice. Technical options included the return of the straw of the preceding wheat crop, the cultivation of short-cycled crops during the transition season, and combinations of both. Dynamics of soil N_min, nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide emissions, and crop N uptake were studied throughout the year between 2004 and 2005 and partial N balances of the cropping systems were established. In the traditional system (bare fallow between wheat and rice) a large accumulation of soil nitrate N and its subsequent disappearance upon soil saturation occurred during the transition season. This nitrate loss was associated with nitrate leaching (6.3 and 12.8 kg ha⁻¹ at the low and high altitude sites, respectively) and peaks of nitrous oxide emissions (120 and 480 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ at the low and high altitude sites, respectively). Incorporation of wheat straw at 3 Mg ha⁻¹ and/or cultivation of a nitrate catch crop during the transition season significantly reduced the build up of soil nitrate and subsequent N losses at the low altitude site. At the high altitude site, cumulative grain yields increased from 2.35 Mg ha⁻¹ with bare fallow during the transition season to 3.44 Mg ha⁻¹ when wheat straw was incorporated. At the low altitude site, the cumulative yield significantly increased from 2.85 Mg ha⁻¹ (bare fallow) to between 3.63 and 6.63 Mg ha⁻¹, depending on the transition season option applied. Irrespective of the site and the land use option applied during the transition season, systems N balances remained largely negative, ranging from −37 to −84 kg N ha⁻¹. We conclude that despite reduced N losses and increased grain yields the proposed options need to be complemented with additional N inputs to sustain long-term productivity.     

硬粒小麦SWAHEN3抗条锈（条中30、31）性状的遗传分析

硬粒小麦SWAHEN3成株期对中国条锈病新小种条中30(CYR30)和条中31(CYR31)免疫-高抗。为明确SWAHEN3抗条锈性状的遗传规律，将SWAHEN3与高感硬粒小麦品种Kappli杂交，获得杂种F     

小麦BES1转录因子基因 TaBEH3的克隆及表达分析

BES1(油菜素内酯不敏感1-甲磺酸乙酯-抑制剂1)是一类植物特有的转录因子家族, TaBEH3基因是小麦 BES1基因家族成员之一,为进一步了解该基因的功能,以中国春为材料,克隆了 TaBEH3基因,将其3个同源基因分别命名为 TaBEH3-A、 TaBEH3-B和 TaBEH3-D。序列分析显示,3个同源基因均包含2个外显子,分别编码356、354和358个氨基酸,启动子区含有大量与植物生长发育、激素响应相关的顺式作用元件,其中,分生组织表达元件（CAT-box）和脱落酸响应元件（ABRE）在3个基因中普遍存在。系统进化树分析显示, TaBEH3基因在麦类作物中具有更近的亲缘关系。基于qRT-PCR进行的时空表达分析显示, TaBEH3基因在不同组织和不同器官间均有组成性表达,表明 TaBEH3基因在植物生长发育（特别是花器官的发育和形成）过程中具有重要的作用。 TaBEH3-A、 TaBEH3-B和 TaBEH3-D基因响应ABA激素胁迫处理,且3个基因的表达量变化趋势一致。     

Effect of salinity on nitrogen metabolism in wheat

Objectives of our studies were to quantify effects of salinity on growth and nitrogen metabolism of wheat and to measure variation in response of different cultivars, hybrids, and classes. Methods and criteria for identifying resistance to salinity in wheat, particularly effects on nitrogen metabolism also were tested. Variation in response to salinity was measured by subjecting seedlings of six wheats to one control treatment (‐0.1 bars) and two stress treatments (‐3.5 and ‐10.4 bars) from NaCl, MgSO₄, and MgCl₂ in hydroponic solutions. Both stress treatments retarded growth; wheats significantly varied at ‐3.5 bars but not at ‐10.4 bars. Stress decreased root and shoot nitrate N and total N contents. Studies with one wheat cultivar showed that salinity decreased activity of nitrate reductase enzyme and stimulated accumulation of proline. Salinity more adversely affected vegetative stages than reproductive stages of plants grown to maturity. We concluded that salinity affected wheat by both osmotic effects and antagonism of nitrate metabolism from chloride. Absolute growth and relative growth at different stress levels were superior to differences in nitrogen metabolism as selection criteria for salinity tolerance.     

Free amino acids in unhardened and cold‐hardened winter wheat crowns

The free amino acids proline and glutamic acid increased in the crown of winter wheat in all treatments when exposed to cold‐hardening. Glutamine also increased except when 90–80 N‐P fertilizer was applied. The increase of proline and glutamic acid was enhanced with the application of P but counteracted by N. This enhancement was smaller with glutamine. The decrease of threonine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine and α‐aminobutyric acid with cold‐hardening was not counteracted by application of N and P. However, isoleucine in cold‐hardened winter wheat increased with the application of 180–0 fertilizer and aspartic acid increased when P was added. The increase in alanine with cold‐hardening was enhanced by P alone but counteracted by N‐P treatments. The marked increase in proline during cold‐hardening could be useful in the detection of cold‐hardiness in winter wheats.     

Influence of root restriction on two cultivars of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)

Variable root restricting conditions were imposed on summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivars ‘Senator’ and Dixie’ using container sizes of 0.35, 2.00, and 7.60 liters. Nondestructive and destructive plant sampling were conducted to evaluate leaf area production, dry weight accumulation and partitioning, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate, and flower and fruit development. Within 10 days after transplanting (DAT), ‘Senator’ exhibited declining leaf area production under increased root restriction, and within 17 DAT leaf area was diminished for both cultivars under increased root restricting conditions. Dry weight accumulation in leaves, stems, roots, and fruit was reduced for both cultivars over time and level of root restriction severity. There was a tendency for greater vegetative growth reductions with ‘Senator’ than with ‘Dixie’ at comparable levels of root restriction. Root‐to‐shoot ratio, timing and duration of flowering, and sex of flowers were not significantly impacted by root restriction level or cultivar. Fruit dry weight was greatest for Dixie’ early on, but by 28 DAT, total fruit dry weight produced did not differ for the cultivars except under the most severe root restricting conditions. Fruit dry weight production was limited for both cultivars as container volume became smaller.     

看麦娘叶片对化感小麦根水提液的生理响应

为阐明小麦化感抑草的生理机制,选择强化感小麦‘115/青海麦’、‘92L89’和弱化感小麦‘抗10103’,通过添加浓度为0.2%、0.5%和1.0%的小麦根水提液进行水培试验3周后,测定了各处理看麦娘的鲜重,分析叶片中叶绿素(SPAD值)、可溶蛋白、MDA、类黄酮、总酚的含量以及SOD、POD、CAT活性。结果表明,水提液处理显著抑制了看麦娘的生长,抑制率在不同处理浓度及小麦品种间均存在显著差异,强化感小麦的抑制率显著高于弱化感小麦。在处理浓度范围内,不同小麦根水提液的抑制率大小依次为‘115/青海麦’(24.7%~74.3%)‘92L89’(15.7%~71.6%)‘抗10103’(13.8%~61.4%);0.2%、1.0%和5.0%水提液处理的抑制率大小依次为13.8%~24.7%、41.7%~66.4%和61.4%~74.2%。看麦娘叶绿素含量(SPAD值)随处理浓度增大显著降低,可溶蛋白含量,SOD、POD、CAT活性,MDA、类黄酮含量随处理浓度增大显著升高,强化感小麦对看麦娘的生理刺激作用高于弱化感小麦。1.0%‘115/青海麦’及5.0%各小麦水提液处理的看麦娘总酚含量高于对照。可见,小麦化感胁迫提高了看麦娘的保护酶系统活性,增强了抗氧化物质代谢,但显著增强了细胞膜脂质过氧化和叶绿素降解,不利于靶标植物看麦娘的生长。     

Response of wheat genotypes to foliar spray of ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles under salt stress

This study evaluated the effects of iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) and zinc oxide (ZnO) on two wheat genotypes (Kavir and Tajan) at three levels (0, 75, and 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)) of salinity. Spray treatments included two forms of normal and nanoparticles of Fe₂O₃ and ZnO, a mixture of nanoparticles of Fe₂O₃ and ZnO (2 g L^?1) and a non-spray treatment. The pot experiment was arranged as factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two forms of Fe₂O₃ and ZnO significantly accelerated plant height, leaf area, shoot dry weight, and the concentration of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in comparison with non-spray treatment. The highest plant height and leaf Fe concentration belonged to Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles; however, it seems that the spray of nanoparticles may not be superior compared with normal forms in alleviation of salinity impacts.