小麦花粉植株中保卫细胞长度的分布

本文对小麦植株叶片保卫细胞长度进行了测量.研究结果,472丛小麦花粉植株叶片中保卫细胞长度的分布在36—84μ之间,453株普通六倍体小麦叶片保卫细胞长度分布在57.6—81.6μ之间,二者分布有交叉重迭.经分析检验,花粉植株中叶片保卫细胞长度达65.0μ以上的,可以认为该植株已自然加倍了.经应用于花粉植株的倍数鉴定,准确率达93—94%.     

普通小麦辉县红-荆州黑麦异染色体系的选育及其梭条花叶病抗性鉴定

为发掘和利用荆州黑麦所携抗梭条花叶病基因，综合利用分子细胞遗传学与分子标记技术结合多年抗性鉴定，从高感梭条花叶病小麦地方品种辉县红与荆州黑麦杂交后代（F₇~F₉）中选育出二体异附加系5个(分别添加1R、2R、R3、5R和R7)、5RS端二体异附加系1个和多重异附加代换系2个（染色体组成分别为20’’+2R(2D)’’+4R’’和19’’+1R（1B）’’+2R（2B）’’+4R’’）。鉴定表明，双二倍体荆辉1号高抗梭条花叶病，表明黑麦抗性基因可在小麦背景中稳定表达，2R、R7二体异附加系及2个含2R的多重异附加代换系均表现高抗，推测2R和R7上可能携带抗病基因。这些材料是研究荆州黑麦抗性基因遗传及小麦抗病育种的新种质。     

空心莲子草化感效应的初步研究

测定空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides Griseb)地上部和地下部水浸提液对小麦和油菜种子萌发、幼苗生长和一些生理过程的影响,研究空心莲子草的化感作用及其机理。结果显示,空心莲子草水浸提液对小麦种子萌发过程的影响主要表现在延迟发芽,而对最终萌发率影响不大;在油菜种子的萌发过程中,高浓度的水浸提液延迟了种子发芽,同时影响最终萌发率;在低浓度空心莲子草水浸提液的影响下,小麦幼苗植株生长增加,高浓度地下部分水浸提液则抑制了小麦幼苗根和苗的生长;在油菜幼苗的生长过程中,空心莲子草水浸提液均抑制了油菜幼苗的生长;另外,空心莲子草水浸提液处理过程中,小麦和油菜体内的超氧化物歧酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均有显著变化。     

Evaluation of common wheat cultivars for tan spot resistance and chromosomal location of a resistance gene in the cultivar 'Salamouni'

A total of 50 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were evaluated for resistance to tan spot, using Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis race 1 and race 5 isolates. The cultivars ‘Salamouni’, ‘Red Chief’, ‘Dashen’, ‘Empire’ and ‘Armada’ were resistant to isolate ASC1a (race 1), whereas 76% of the cultivars were susceptible. Chi‐squared analysis of the F₂ segregation data of hybrids between 20 monosomic lines of the wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ and the resistant cultivar ‘Salamouni’ revealed that tan spot resistance in ‘Salamouni’ was controlled by a single recessive gene located on chromosome 3A. This gene is designated tsn4. The resistant cultivars identified in this study are recommended for use in breeding programmes to improve tan spot resistance in common wheat.     

Identification of novel QTL for resistance to crown rot in the doubled haploid wheat population 'W21MMT70' × 'Mendos'

Crown rot (causal agent Fusarium pseudograminearum) is a fungal disease of major significance to wheat cultivation in Australia. A doubled haploid wheat population was produced from a cross between line ‘W21MMT70’, which displays partial seedling and adult plant (field) resistance to crown rot, and ‘Mendos’, which is moderately susceptible in seedling tests but partially resistant in field trials. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) based on seedling trial data did not reveal markers for crown rot resistance. A framework map was produced consisting of 128 microsatellite markers, four phenotypic markers, and one sequence tagged site marker. To this map 331 previously screened AFLP markers were then added. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified with composite interval mapping across all of the three seedling trials conducted. These QTL are located on chromosomes 2B, 2D and 5D. The 2D and 5D QTL are inherited from the line ‘W21MMT70’, whereas the 2B QTL is inherited from ‘Mendos’. These loci are different from those associated with crown rot resistance in other wheat populations that have been examined, and may represent an opportunity for pyramiding QTL to provide more durable resistance to crown rot.     

Chromosomal location of a gene (Rkn-mnl) for resistance to the root-knot nematode transferred into wheat from Aegilops variabilis

Root-knot nematode is a significant root-parasite of common wheat. A dominant gene Rkn-mnl for resistance was transferred into wheat from Acgilops variabilis. This gene was shown to be on chromosome 3B. Further analysis indicated that it is on the long arm of this chromosome and independent of the centromere.     

Stability Analysis of Yield in Maize,Wheat and Sorghum and its Implications in Breeding Programs*

Six stability statistics: (b_i, s²_di, , , and ) were estimated for maize, wheat and sorghum in different environments by using three statistical models. The significant linear portion of genotype × environment interaction for maize indicates different hybrids responded differently to environments, whereas the non-significant genotype × environment interaction (linear) were found for wheat and sorghum suggest that all genotypes responded similarly as the environments change. However, the highly significant pooled deviations (deviation from regression) for all three crops make yield predictions from the model less reliable. When regression coefficients (b_i) were non-significant, s²_di, became an important statistic in estimating stability. It appears that the regression coefficient, b_i, was best used to estimate genotypic adaptability, whereas s²_di, for stability. Maize and sorghum had negative correlations between the mean yield and stability statistics, s²_di, , and , suggesting that high yield and stability are not mutually exclusive in the range of environments used in this study; however, such correlations did not occur in wheat. Thus, maize and sorghum hybrids with high yield potential and high stability could be identified and selected. Correlations between mean yield and b_i, or , were positive and significant for maize and sorghum but were non-significant for wheat, indicating that such relationships may be species specific. Under a given set of testing environments, the stability ranking associated with each maize hybrid is correlated to and depends on other hybrids included in the analysis.     

Effects of Wheat Chromosome 1D Telosomes on Hybrid Seed Development in Wheat × Rye Crosses

Pollination of ‘Chinese Spring,’ monosome 1D plants with rye results in failure of hybrid seed development in a proportion of the F₁ seeds corresponding to the transmission rate of the nullisomic 1D egg cells. Development and viability of these hybrid seeds closely resemble that normally observed in T. aurum× rye crosses. Using ‘Chinese Spring’ chromosome ID telosomic plants in crosses with rye, it was possible to illustrate that the observed effect was associated with the long arm of this chromosome.     

Carbon Isotope Discrimination, Leaf Ash Content and Grain Yield in Bread and Durum Wheat Grown under Full-Irrigated Conditions

Integrative physiological criteria, such as carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and (mineral) ash content (m_a) have been found to be very useful, under drought conditions, to elucidate the association between yield gains and variation of photosynthesis‐related traits and orientate future breeding efforts. Information on this association is scarce under irrigated conditions. The relationships between Δ, m_a and yield were studied in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) under optimal (drip) irrigation in the arid conditions of north‐west Mexico. Carbon isotope discrimination was analysed on leaves at booting stage and anthesis and on grain at maturity, whereas ash content was measured on the flag leaf at anthesis and maturity. At anthesis, there were differences between bread and durum wheat during grain filling for Δ, but not for m_a. No relationship was found between grain yield and Δ. Leaf ash content at anthesis and maturity showed a broad variability within each species and were associated with grain yield. These results suggest that ash content in leaves could be also used as predictive criteria for yield not only under drought, but also under irrigated conditions, particularly when evaporative demand is high.     

Mapping QTL involved in adult plant resistance to powdery mildew in the winter wheat line RE714 in two susceptible genetic backgrounds

The objective was to study the genetic basis of adult plant resistance to powdery mildew of the winter wheat line RE714 by quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and to investigate the stability of the QTL detected in two different genetic backgrounds. Two DH populations from the crosses between RE714 and the susceptible parents ‘Festin’ and ‘Hardi’ were used. Reaction of the DH lines to powdery mildew was assessed in different environments in Belgium under natural disease infection. Considering both populations and according to the environment tested, one to seven QTL were detected. Among them, residual effects of the race‐specific resistance genes Pm4b and MIRE were found. Two major QTL were very stable (on chromosome 5D and at the MIRE locus), since they were detected in both populations and over all environments tested. The QTL detected varied according to the susceptible parent used, and a residual effect at the Pm4b gene was not observed with the genetic background of ‘Hardi’.