4个白三叶品系对不同灌水频率的生理响应

试验以新疆白三叶(Trifolium repens)为材料,以海法作对照,通过设置不同的微喷灌水频率(1、3、5、7 d/次),研究白三叶各品系生理指标的变化规律,以期为在白三叶建植过程中制定合理的灌溉制度提供基础数据。试验结果表明:随着灌水频率的减小,海法,S82,S92,S96品系的叶面积逐渐减小;叶绿素含量先下降,再小幅度增加后趋于稳定;叶片相对含水量无明显差异;游离脯氨酸含量先增加后减少;S82和S96品系的可溶性糖含量呈现升-降-升的变化趋势,S92却出现相反趋势;丙二醛含量呈现是先增加后减少,再增加的变化趋势。根据白三叶各项生理指标的数据综合分析认为,白三叶适宜的灌水时间为年5 d/次,4个品系的抗旱性由强到弱的顺序是S82S92海法S96。     

Control of Elymus repens by rhizome fragmentation and repeated mowing in a newly established white clover sward

Control of perennial weeds, such as Elymus repens, generally requires herbicides or intensive tillage. Alternative methods, such as mowing and competition from subsidiary crops, provide less efficient control. Fragmenting the rhizomes, with minimal soil disturbance and damage to the main crop, could potentially increase the efficacy and consistency of such control methods. This study's aim was to investigate whether fragmenting the rhizomes and mowing enhance the control of E. repens in a white clover sward. Six field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Uppsala, Sweden, and Ås, Norway. The effect of cutting slits in the soil using a flat spade in a 10 × 10 cm or 20 × 20 cm grid and the effect of repeated mowing were investigated. Treatments were performed either during summer in a spring‐sown white clover sward (three experiments) or during autumn, post‐cereal harvest, in an under‐sown white clover sward (three experiments). When performed in autumn, rhizome fragmentation and mowing reduced E. repens shoot biomass, but not rhizome biomass or shoot number. In contrast, when performed in early summer, rhizome fragmentation also reduced the E. repens rhizome biomass by up to 60%, and repeated mowing reduced it by up to 95%. The combination of the two factors appeared to be additive. Seasonal differences in treatment effects may be due to rhizomes having fewer stored resources in spring than in early autumn. We conclude that rhizome fragmentation in a growing white clover sward could reduce the amount of E. repens rhizomes and that repeated mowing is an effective control method, but that great seasonal variation exists.     

Impact of sulfur applications on the agronomic performance of rapeseed–clover mixtures

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a crop requiring high levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer for growth and to optimize yield and seed quality. To limit the environmental pollution associated with intensive N fertilizer use, rapeseed–clover (Trititcum incarnatum L.) mixtures were grown in lysimeters under low N conditions (100 kg N ha⁻¹). Considering the high sulfur (S) requirements of both rapeseed and clover, two inputs of S fertilizer (30 and 60 kg S ha⁻¹) were applied. The effects S input on the agronomic performance of rapeseed in mixture and monocrops considered as reference, the N₂‐fixing capacity of clover, and the leaching of nitrate and sulfate were monitored. This study showed that the N₂‐fixing capacity (%Ndfa) of clover was improved (1.3‐fold) when it was grown in mixture with rapeseed at S60. However, irrespective of the type of cropping (monocrops or mixtures) and S application level (30 or 60 kg S ha⁻¹), the biomasses and total N and S contents of both plants were not significantly different, nor was the rapeseed seed quality. Moreover, the yield of rapeseed grown in mixture at S60 was significantly lower than the yield of rapeseed grown as a monocrop (331.5 ± 9.8 versus 380.8 ± 3.5 g DW m⁻², respectively). The results demonstrate that, in our field conditions, rapeseed mixed with clover required only 30 kg S ha⁻¹ to maintain yield and seed quality, despite the high S needs of both plants. More surprisingly, compared to the rapeseed monocrop, the rapeseed–clover mixture led to an increase in N (‐N) and S (‐S) leaching during the early winter period of cultivation.     

白三叶草生长期西花蓟马的空间分布型变化

利用聚集度指标检验和比较频次法对白三叶草Trifolium repens生长期间西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis的空间分布型变化进行研究,结果如下:聚集度指标检验分析表明西花蓟马在白三叶草上的空间分布为聚集分布;利用频次拟合分析表明白三叶草上大部分生长期内其分布型为负二项分布,其聚集程度与虫口密度有关系,其空间分布不会因为一些人为干扰而改变。     

白三叶叶片荧光特性对水分胁迫的响应

[目的]从生理角度研究白三叶(Trifolium repens)叶片叶绿素荧光参数对水分胁迫的响应.[方法]以白三叶品种"海发"为供试材料,设置75%(无胁迫,CK)、50%(轻度胁迫,LD)和25%(重度胁迫,HD)3个土壤含水量水平对植株进行培养,测定水分胁迫对一系列叶绿素荧光参数的影响,并进行统计学分析.[结果]土壤相对含水量为75%和50%时,白三叶叶片叶绿素荧光参数受到的影响不大,说明白三叶在这2种水分条件下能够正常生长;土壤相对含水量为25%时,初始荧光后极显著高于CK和LD处理,原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PS Ⅱ电子传递量子产量(φPS Ⅱ)和光化学猝灭系数显著降低.[结论]白三叶在重度干旱(HD)条件下,生理机能遭到破坏,不能正常生长,表现出旱害症状.     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫下29份偃麦草种质种子萌发期抗旱性评价

以20%聚乙二醇溶液(PEG-6000)为渗透介质模拟干旱胁迫条件,对29份偃麦草种质资源进行了种子萌发期抗旱性评价。结果表明:PEG胁迫降低了偃麦草种质资源的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数,抑制了胚芽和胚根的生长发育。以相对发芽率、相对胚根长、相对胚芽长、萌发抗旱指数、胁迫指数、相对发芽势及相对活力指数为依据,通过隶属函数法综合评价认为,29份偃麦草种质资源的抗旱性顺序依次为:E39E14E11E13E16E03E07E25E34E42E09E29E17E31E21E26E06E10E12E27E38E08E01E04E41E19E37E02E24。     

4份偃麦草资源对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为了解偃麦草(Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski)的抗旱生理机制,在盆栽控水条件下,对抗旱性不同的4份偃麦草种质资源进行干旱胁迫生理响应研究。结果表明:干旱后土壤含水量呈下降趋势,且胁迫后0 d,5 d,10 d,15 d间土壤含水量差异显著(P<0.05);干旱胁迫过程中偃麦草叶片水分饱和亏缺(WSD)、电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量呈上升趋势,超氧化物酶(SOD)活性与可溶性蛋白含量呈现先升高后降低趋势,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性则表现降低趋势;与其他材料相比,抗旱性强的材料E01的WSD值上升慢、增加率低,SOD活性峰值出现时间晚且峰值最高,可溶性蛋白含量变化小,脯氨酸积累少,且MDA积累慢、含量低。     

野生马蹄金种质资源的RAPD鉴别

采用RAPD分子标记技术,从100个随机引物中筛选出多态性强、重复性好且稳定性高的引物22个,对西南区16份抗性较强、坪用价值较高的马蹄金Dichondra repens材料进行扩增,共扩增出269条带,其中多态性带246条,多态性比率为91.45%,表明野生马蹄金植物种间有丰富的遗传多态性。采用UPGMA法聚类分析,在遗传距离0.73处把马蹄金材料分为4类,部分地理上相近的马蹄金种质资源被聚在了不同的大类中,分类结果能将优异马蹄金材料区分开来,与景观价值评定较吻合。     

三叶草遗传多样性的SRAP分析

利用SRAP(sequence related amplified polymorphism)标记技术对红三叶(Trifolium pretense)、白三叶 (T.repens)、杂三叶(T.hybridum)及白三叶中的叶型变异植株共11份材料的遗传多样性以及亲缘关系进行研究。结果表明,40对引物共产生了426个多态性条带,平均每对引物产生10.7个多态性条带,多态性位点百分率为53.8%。7份白三叶的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.455～0.927,平均相似系数为0.854,白三叶叶型变异植株有特异性条带出现;3份红三叶的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.757～0.837,平均相似系数为0.791,说明白三叶和红三叶种内均存在一定的遗传多样性。种间聚类表明,杂三叶与红三叶的亲缘关系较为接近。表明SRAP技术可有效地用于三叶草的种间种内亲缘关系、种质资源鉴定和遗传多样性分析。     

建植第1年刈割对黑麦草+白三叶草地杂草空间格局的影响

栽培草地稳定性是近年来草地建植与管理的核心问题之一,其中草地抗杂草入侵是其稳定性的重要表现形式。本研究应用地统计学分析方法,分析了刈割处理下多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)+白三叶（Trifolium repens）混播草地杂草生物量空间分布的异质性。结果表明,不同刈割强度下,多年生黑麦草+白三叶混播草地入侵杂草地上生物量空间格局异质化程度及其相关范围变化比较明显。变异函数的基台值(C0+C)在不同刈割强度下的变化表明,在重度刈割条件下,杂草地上生物量空间分布异质性最高(12.530),对照条件下次之(4.751),轻度刈割条件下较低(4.557),中度刈割条件下最低(3.149)。变异函数的相关范围(A0)表明,在重度刈割条件下空间相关范围最大(1 004.1 cm),中度刈割条件下最小(122.1 cm),轻度刈割 (161.9 cm)和对照(219.1 cm)条件下居中。空间变异比分析表明,由空间自相关因素引起的空间异质性占主要部分(50.3%～93.5%)。空间分布格局图(Kriging map)分析进一步显示,不同刈割强度下多年生黑麦草+白三叶混播草地杂草地上生物量格局变化显著。