不同白三叶品种在江西低丘红壤地上的适应性研究

本研究通过对６个白三叶品种的适应性观察，认为在江西低丘红壤地上以克利卡诺瓦白三叶表现最好，越夏抗旱力强，青草产量高。种子生产性能以拉丁鲁白三叶最好。海弗白王叶和新西兰白三叶适应性较差，表现不良。     

玉米及玉米田3种杂草对草地贪夜蛾生长发育和产卵的影响

为研究草地贪夜蛾在玉米田周围杂草上的生长发育情况,对草地贪夜蛾田间防控提供参考,本研究在(28±1)℃,相对湿度(70±5)%,光周期L∥D=16 h∥8 h的人工气候箱条件下,选用玉米Zea mays及玉米田常见的主要杂草扁穗雀麦Bromus catharticus、白花三叶草Trifolium repens、三叶鬼针草Bidens pilosa,探究了草地贪夜蛾在这4种植物上不同虫态的发育历期、蛹重以及卵的孵化率、1~3龄幼虫对4种植物的选择性等。结果表明:草地贪夜蛾在4种植物上均可完成整个世代的生长发育。其中三叶鬼针草处理的草地贪夜蛾幼虫期和蛹期最长,分别为15.97 d和8.33 d;三叶鬼针草处理下草地贪夜蛾蛹重为107.90 mg,显著低于其他3种植物处理的蛹重(P<0.05),玉米、白花三叶草、扁穗雀麦处理的蛹重分别为243.50、239.97、235.80 mg;草地贪夜蛾在4种植物上产卵量具有显著差异(P<0.05),白花三叶草上最高,为2302粒,三叶鬼针草上最低,为827粒;草地贪夜蛾1~3龄幼虫在玉米、扁穗雀麦和白花三叶草上的发育适合度高于三叶鬼针草。草地贪夜蛾在玉米田周围常见3种杂草上可完成生长发育,在防治草地贪夜蛾时,玉米收获后应尽快清除田边杂草,以减少第二季或者次年玉米上的种群基数。     

Cutting regime determines allocation of fixed nitrogen in white clover

Leguminous leys are important sources of nitrogen (N), especially in forage-based animal production and organic cropping. Models for estimating total N₂ fixation of leys—including below-ground plant-derived N (BGN)—are based on grazed or harvested leys. However, green manure leys can have different proportions of above-ground plant-derived N (AGN) and BGN when subjected to different cutting regimes. To investigate the effects of cutting on N distribution in white clover, a pot experiment was carried out using ¹⁵N techniques to determine N₂ fixation, N rhizodeposition and root C and N content of cut and uncut white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Ramona) plants. Percentage N derived from air (%Ndfa) was lower in uncut (63%) than in cut (72%) plants, but total Ndfa was not significantly affected by cutting. The higher reliance on N₂ fixation in cut plants was thus counterbalanced by lower biomass and total N content. With BGN taken into account, total plant-derived N increased by approximately 50% compared with AGN only. Cutting did not affect the proportion of BGN to standing shoot biomass N after regrowth, but decreased the proportion of BGN to total shoot biomass production during the entire growth period. Thus, estimates of N fixation in green manure leys should consider management practices such as cutting regime, as this can result in differences in above- and below-ground proportions of plant-derived N.     

Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and its relation to the depletion of soil organic phosphorus

Summary The distribution of phosphatase activity and of phosphate fractions of the soil in the proximity of roots was studied in order to evaluate the significance of phosphatases in P nutrition of various plants (Brassica oleracea, Allium cepa, Triticum aestivum, Trifolium alexandrinum). A considerable increase in both acid and alkaline phosphatase activity in all the four soil-root interfaces was observed. Maximum distances from the root surface at which activity increases were observed ranged from 2.0 mm to 3.1 mm for acid phosphatase and from 1.2 mm to 1.6 mm for alkaline phosphatase. The increase in phosphatase activity depended upon plant age, plant species and soil type. A significant correlation was noticed between the depletion of organic P and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere soil of wheat (r = 0.99^**) and clover (r = 0.97^**). The maximum organic P depletion was 65% in clover and 86% in wheat, which was observed within a distance from the root of 0.8 mm in clover and 1.5 mm in wheat. Both the phosphatases in combination appear to be responsible for the depletion of organic P.     

混种3种观赏植物对白三叶铅积累的影响

为了研究铅污染条件下对白三叶植物修复效率的影响,通过盆栽和小区试验,将一串红、翠菊、德国鸢尾分别与白三叶混种,研究不同混种方式对白三叶生物量及铅积累的影响。结果表明:与白三叶单种相比,混种德国鸢尾提高了白三叶单株地上部分生物量和整株生物量,混种一串红、翠菊则降低了白三叶单株地上部分生物量和整株生物量;就混种系统而言,各个混种处理的植物总生物量均介于混种的2种植物单种之间。混种一串红、翠菊、德国鸢尾均提高了白三叶地上部分铅含量,盆栽试验分别较白三叶单种提高了11.39%,17.88%,42.18%;小区试验分别较白三叶单种提高了2.64%,13.22%,23.94%。白三叶混种德国鸢尾的地上部分铅积累总量高于各自单种,其余混种处理均介于混种的2种植物单种之间。小区试验中,白三叶混种德国鸢尾的单位面积地上部分铅积累总量最高,达242.777mg/m2,较白三叶单种提高了371.83%,较德国鸢尾单种提高了8.38%;白三叶混种德国鸢尾的土壤重金属铅去除率最高,达15.11%,比白三叶单种提高了326.84%,比德国鸢尾单种提高了10.70%。因此,白三叶混种德国鸢尾的铅提取效果表现最好,能够用于铅污染土壤的修复。     

Effects of defoliation on carbohydrate status,nodules and spring growth in white clover in a sub-arctic climate

Abstract

In order to improve the basis for utilizing white clover (Trifolium repens L) in northern agriculture, we studied the effects of defoliation intensity on spring growth in a sub-arctic climate in relation to carbohydrate and nodule status. White clover plants (cv Snowy) were studied in a pot experiment in the field on the coast of northern Norway from spring 2001 until spring 2002. The experiment was repeated with some modifications from spring 2002 until spring 2003. During the growing season from summer to autumn, the plants were totally stripped of leaves down to the stolon, cut at four or seven cm height or left undisturbed. The plants were sampled destructively in autumn, early spring and late spring and sorted into leaves, stolons and roots. The plant material was weighed and analysed for carbohydrate reserves and nodule number. Defoliation during the growing season resulted in reduced concentration of reserve carbohydrates in autumn and reduced winter survival of the stolons. The most severe defoliation treatment reduced the herbage growth in spring. In contrast, the two milder defoliation treatments had no effect on herbage growth during spring or on total plant dry matter and nodule status in late spring. In conclusion, moderate defoliation during the growing season had no effect on herbage growth the following spring nor on carbohydrate, nodule or dry matter status of the plant in late spring. Moderate defoliation increased spring growth and thereby also the nitrogen demand of the plants. This probably enhanced nodule formation and development of inactive to active nodules.     

Assessment of microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere of a copper accumulator and a non-accumulator

Soil microorganisms may play an important role in the uptake of heavy metals from soils. However, assessments of bacterial activity and community composition in the rhizosphere of accumulators have been largely ignored. We studied potential effects of a copper (Cu)-accumulator, Elsholtzia splendens, and a non-Cu-accumulator plant, Trifolium repens, on soil microbial activity and community composition with increasing Cu addition. The results showed that concentrations of Cu in the shoots of E. splendens were 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4 times those of T. repens under the treatment of different Cu concentrations. Soil microbial biomass and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of E. splendens were higher than those of T.repens. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) fingerprint analysis revealed that addition of Cu decreased the number of bands in bare soil and soil with T. repens. However, there was a significant increase in the number of bands in soil with E. splendens incorporated with either 200 or 500 mg kg⁻¹ Cu. The abundances of five phylogenetic groups related most closely to -, β-, γ-proteobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and CFB group, respectively, were determined in the rhizosphere of plants. Some specific clone such as E13 (metal-contaminated soil clone K20-64) was found in the rhizosphere of E. splendens. Results indicated that E. splendens, as a Cu-accumulator, played an important role in governing soil microbial activity and bacterial community composition in the rhizosphere in response to Cu stress.     

Effects of benomyl on vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal infection of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and consequences for phosphorus inflow.

The roots of red clover plants inoculated with the vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarus Nicolson & Schenck were treated with a drench of benomyl at a time when mycorrhizal infection was already well established. Benomyl halted further infection and reduced phosphorus inflow by one order of magnitude compared to untreated controls. The fungicide also decreased the rate of plant growth probably as a consequence of reduced phosphorus inflow.     

桂林青狮潭水库消落带植物物种及其特性

通过野外调查,筛选出适合桂林青狮潭水库消落带植被重建的植物物种钝叶草和硬骨草,并对这两种植物进行了室内培育,重点研究了所选植物根系的力学特性和水污染吸附特性等,结果表明:钝叶草和硬骨草在恶劣的生态环境中都具有很强的生态适应性,但钝叶草对水质的净化作用优于硬骨草,因此桂林青狮潭水库消落带植被重建的植物物种应以钝叶草为主。     

A forage grass and small grain legume plant collecting expedition in South East Poland, 1990

Summary The Plant Genetic Resources Unit (PGRU) of the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Welsh Plant Breeding Station (IGER, WPBS), UK, and the Plant Genetic Resources Section of the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (PBAI), Poland, carried out a joint collecting expedition in Poland between 25 August and 7 September 1990. The expedition was unique in that it was the first time that vegetative sampling had been applied to the perennial forage grass and legume populations of south east Poland. The expedition focused on seminatural vegetation in agriculturally managed situations and detailed collection site data on management systems was obtained from landowners.Samples were collected from 62 sites. Vegetative collections of Lolium spp. (37 populations) and Trifolium spp. (56 populations), and seed collections of Festuca spp. (32 populations) were made by the IGER team (Table 2). The PBAI team made 59 separate seed collections, mainly of Leguminosae.The expedition covered four geographical subregions of south east Poland. (See Fig. 1). These were the Nizina Mazowiecka south of Warszawa, the Wyzyna Malopolska with the town of Kielce at its centre and the Beskidy Zachodnie and Beskidy Wschodnie regions of the Carpathian mountains.A diverse range of habitats was sampled covering a broad range of altitude agricultural management systems and ecological conditions. Polish agriculture is faced with the problems of a rapid orientation to a market economy and it is likely that the diverse range of habitats encoutered will be reduced as agricultural practices change. This will lead to genetic erosion of the unique forage grass and legume populations to be found in Poland.Abbreviations ECP/GR European Co-operative Programme on Crop Genetic Resources - IGER Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research - PBAI Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute - PGRU Plant Genetic Resources Unit - WPBS Welsh Plant Breeding Station