白三叶(Trifolium repens L)无性系植物分株间的生理整合作用

研究了白三叶无性系植物种群，在相互连接的分株之间生理上相互依存的程度。结果显示子代在生理上取决于母株资源的转移，这一依赖性随时间而下降。相互连接的分株，一部分被遮荫至１０％，而照光分株光合速率明显增加。光被限制期间，分株将重新整合，遮荫分株无性系中由其它分株提供同化物。在子代匍匐茎数目和长度上有一个权衡。当资源受限制时，产生极少较长的子代匍匐茎，结果提高了子代能够占据更有利条件的可能性。在分株之间，生理整合作用降低了子代建立所面临的危险，使同源分株在资源的可利用能力上整合到一个局部的异质环境，增加同源分株间的竞争能力，缓冲所面对的局部微生境的选择。     

Contribution of White Clover Varieties in High-Productivity Systems under Grazing and Cutting

Two medium leaf size varieties of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were grown in mixture with a range of grass species and varieties in a field experiment conducted over 4 years. The clovers were grown singly or as a blend in swards with a tetraploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), a diploid Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) or tetraploid hybrids between these two species (Lolium x boucheanum Kunth). These grasses were also grown in monoculture. Swards were managed in a regime involving two periods of sheep grazing, two periods of cattle grazing and a silage cut in the same year for 4 years. The objectives of this experiment were 3‐fold: (1) to examine the yield and persistency of white clover in highly productive systems with modern perennial, hybrid and Italian ryegrasses; (2) to compare the performance of white clover varieties grown singly in mixture with grasses with their performance together as a blend, and (3) to examine the persistency of new Italian ryegrass varieties, exemplified by AberComo. The clover content of the sward remained high throughout the experiment, with a mean of 31 % overall. Differences in clover yield between plots were largely attributable to the effects of companion grasses. Total yields were very similar in plots containing different clover varieties and in plots where these varieties had been grown singly or as a blend. Grass yields in mixture were greater than those in monoculture but showed similar relative rankings. The diploid Italian ryegrass variety AberComo showed an unexpectedly high yield in the 4th year of the experiment. The implications of these results for strategies for productive, sustainable agriculture using modern white clover and ryegrass varieties are discussed.     

Can Batesian mimicry help plants to deter herbivores?

Several authors have suggested that edible plants could avoid herbivory by mimicking olfactory cues of toxic plants. However, very few studies have been carried out to test this hypothesis. The aims of the present study were to identify the volatiles of three clover species and to test whether a species lacking chemical defences, such as red clover, could avoid being grazed by rabbits by mimicking the volatiles of the cyanogenic white clover. Two main volatiles were identified in all three clover species, and a further two volatiles were present in white clover only. Rabbits presented with a choice between white clover, red clover and red clover sprayed with white clover extract ate significantly more red clover than white or white-flavoured red clover. The results suggest that the volatiles of toxic plants could be used and exploited as a source of natural, safe and effective repellents to control the impact of pest herbivores on plants.     

苗期46份偃麦草种质材料耐盐性综合评价

采用盆栽苗期模拟盐胁迫的方法,对不同NaCl胁迫下46份偃麦草种质材料的地上生物量、地下生物量、叶片枯黄率进行测定,并对其耐盐性进行综合评价。结果表明,随盐浓度的增加,偃麦草的地上生物量、地下生物量的响应机制并不一致,而叶片枯黄率则呈现上升趋势;46份偃麦草种质耐盐性存在较大的差异,地上生物量、地下生物量、叶片枯黄率半致死盐浓度变异系数依次为42.48%~43.37%,26.9%~38.6%,18.98%;隶属函数综合分析认为,偃麦草材料的耐盐性从强到弱依次为E35、E14、E42、E25、E31、E26、E39、E36、E41、E22、E15、E21、E19、E34、E38、E16、E44、E02、E03、E37、E07、E18、E49、E46、E10、E48、E30、E04、E06、E08、E50、E24、E17、E27、E43、E40、E29、E28、E32、E11、E33、E23、E09、E13、E01、E12。     

广西绿化植物黄素梅病虫害调查初报

为了解绿化植物黄素梅栽培中的病虫害危害情况,2006~2007年在广西的几个主要城市对黄素梅病虫害进行了系统调查,发现危害黄素梅的病虫害共有9种,分别是日本龟蜡蚧、棉蚜虫、温室白粉虱、黄蓟马、黄尾毒蛾、灰巴蜗牛、煤污病、中国菟丝子和1种叶斑病等。黄素梅病虫害总体发生数量少、危害程度轻,是一种优良的绿化树种,可进一步扩大种植。     

营养元素在红三叶叶片分解过程中的释放动态

在我国北亚热带高海拔地区应用分解网袋法，研究了红三叶叶片凋落物在分解过程中营养元素的释放特征。结果表明，在分解过程中，各类营养元素的含量和残留率的动态特征均有明显不同。根据这些特征，将其释放模式分为4类，即物理因子主导型、生物因子主导型、生物和物理双重因子主导型和化学因子主导型。     

超声波提取红三叶异黄酮工艺的研究

对利用超声波提取红三叶异黄酮的工艺进行了研究。结果表明,通过正交试验确定出最佳工艺条件为:乙醇体积分数为95%;乙醇用量(固液比)为11∶0;提取时间为20 min;提取温度为20℃。     

Effects of Stocking Rate and Overseeding with Red Clover on Productivity of Native Pasture Continuously Grazed by Yearling Steers

Overseeding with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and stocking rate are factors that can affect composition and production of hill land pasture. A grazing experiment utilizing yearling beef steers ( Bos taurus) was conducted using 3, 4, and 5 yearling steers ha⁻¹ (285 kg), on native pasture (predominantly Poa pratensis L.) overseeded with red clover and non overseeded. Paddocks of 1 ha were continuously set stocked from mid May to the end of Sept. Herbage mass, herbage consumed and the percentage of legumes, grasses, dead material, and non-leguminous broadleaf plants were recorded. Animals were weighed at the initiation and end of each grazing season and at 4 week intervals. Overseeding increased legume content 4-fold the seeding year but much of this increase was lost the following year. Herbage mass was greater on overseeded pasture the year following seeding but no effect on animal productivity was found. Stocking rate did not affect percentage legume but the proportions of other broadleaf plants increased at high stocking rates. Average daily gain as well as total gain ha⁻¹ was greatest at 4 steers ha⁻¹.     

Bulked AFLP analysis for the assessment of genetic diversity in white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

The use of bulked leaf samples from individual plants for amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was evaluated as a tool for assessment of genetic diversity in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Bulking of leaf samples produced slightly simpler AFLP profiles compared to the combined profiles of individual plants from the same cultivar. Approximately 90% of bands which were present in individual plants were present in bulked samples of the same cultivar. The majority of those absent were rare bands, shared by less than 25% of individual plants. Replicate bulk samples gave almost identical banding patterns, demonstrating the robustness of the bulked AFLP technique. Cluster analysis of AFLP data derived from individual plants resulted in a phenogram similar to that produced from data derived from bulked samples of the same plants. AFLP analysis of bulked samples detected significant amounts of genetic variability among 52 cultivars and accessions with genetic similarity values ranging from 0.42 to 0.92. However, cluster analysis of AFLP data only partially reflected the geographic origin of cultivars and accessions and was not congruent with cluster analysis based on variation for morphophysiological characters. Bulked AFLP analysis provides a powerful tool for rapid assessment of genetic variability in white clover and may also be used for cultivar identification. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of recurrent selection for flowering on flowering and yields in kura clover

Summary These investigations were conducted to determine the effectiveness of first- and second-season selection programs for increasing forage and seed yield in kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.).Rhizo kura clover, the base population, was grown as spaced plants in two programs for six generations of selection for flowering in the seedling and second seasons. Remnant seed for each generation of selection was used to establish spaced plant and broadcast evaluation trials.The first-season selection program was effective in increasing flowering not only in the first season, but for two subsequent seasons. The second-season selection for flowering had little or no effect. However, vigor, forage and seed yields were not increased by either program, and the first-season program progressively reduced vigor and forage yields as generations of selection increased. The cause of this is unknown but may be associated with inbreeding depression or detrimental physiological effects of first-season flowering. Reselection to eliminate possible inbreeding effects is being conducted to further examine the possibility of increasing seedling and aftermath vigor in kura clover.