白三叶草高频率植株再生系统的研究

通过对白三叶草子叶和下胚轴植株再生系统的研究发现 ,白三叶草胚轴生长点的再生能力最强 ,子叶和下胚轴再生能力极低 ;胚轴生长点直接再生频率在 6 6 %以上 ,以 6BA 3mg/L时再生频率最高 ,达 95 % ;再生植株的快速繁殖以 6BA 1～ 2mg/L ,NAA0 .5～ 0 .8mg/L较适宜 ;生根培养以IBA0 .1～ 0 .3mg/L ,NAA0 .1～ 0 .2mg/L较适宜     

Regenerative trait and cold hardiness in highly productive cultivars of alfalfa and red clover

Summary In earlier work on improvement of persistance in forage legumes, we selected genotypes from highly productive cultivars of alfalfa, Algonquin and Apica (Euphytica 45: 105–112, 1990) and cv. Florex red clover (Plant Cell Reports 8: 395–398, 1989) capable of in vitro regeneration from callus and cell culture. The alfalfa germplasm and its F₁ progeny as well as an F₂ red clover population were tested for cold stress tolerance. Plantlets were hardened in culture tubes at 2 or 5°C, 8h photoperiod, for at least four weeks and then subjected to freezing temperatures, –16 or –10°C for alfalfa and red clover, respectively. Survival of regenerative genotypes was significantly higher than of the non-regenerative ones in both species. A strong oositive correlation (r=0.78) between the regenerative trait and plant survival was found in alfalfa. The experiments indicate that in vitro selection for regenerative trait may improve cold stress tolerance of alfalfa and red clover.     

Phenotypic Variability for Bio-Agronomical Traits in Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Populations of the Meskawi Botanical Group

The phenotypic variability and adaptability for bio-agronomic traits in berseem populations (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), was evaluated. The number of genotypes was 32 (26 of southern Italy origin and 6 Egyptian). They were evaluated under field conditions for two years (1989–90) in Foggia (Italy) adopting different cutting regimes: at 7–8th inter-nodes stem length, beginning of flowering, and no cutting. The genotypes of the Italian origin appeared to be better adapted when the cut was applied in the early stage of development, and more productive in seed yield. The Egyptian populations were most productive in forage in the later cuts and had a higher seed weight. The range of variation among the bio-agronomical traits was higher when the cut was applied at early flowering. The traits with wider range of variation were: dry matter, plant height at cut, regrowth at the fourteenth day after cut, tiller density and seed yield. Considering a multiplicative selection index, 6 populations were well adapted and could be used as parents in breeding programs and in extended farm cultivation.     

白三叶草坪春季昆虫群落构成的研究

对白三叶(Trifolumrepens.L.)草坪春季昆虫群落系统进行了调查及分析,结果表明:白三叶草坪春季昆虫群落由9目28种组成。其中蚜虫、叶螨是春季昆虫群落的优势种。在白三叶草坪昆虫群落演替中,通过对N,S,T,H四个指数的分析,表明4月份昆虫群落比较旺盛,但5月份昆虫群落结构更稳定协调。这些研究为白三叶草坪害虫综合治理提供依据。     

白三叶幼苗抗氧化酶类的电泳研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳和活性染色法对白三叶幼苗的根、叶柄和叶进行超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)同工酶电泳分析,以了解白三叶幼苗抗氧化酶系统的三种同工酶的空间表达差异。结果表明,在白三叶幼苗的SOD同工酶酶谱中可以看到根有7条酶谱区带,叶柄有5条酶谱区带,叶有11条酶谱区带,其中有5条是根、叶柄和叶共有的谱带。在根中有一条(Rf=0.18)是特异的,在叶中有5条(Rf=0.13,0.69,0.72,0.94,0.97)是特异的。在白三叶幼苗的POD同工酶酶谱中可以看到根有8条酶谱区带,叶柄和叶有5条酶谱区带,其中有4条谱带是根、叶柄和叶共有的谱带。在根中有4条(Rf=0.31,0.69,0.77,0.85)是特异的。在叶柄和叶中有1条(Rf=0.19)谱带是特异的。在白三叶幼苗的CAT同工酶酶谱中可以看到根、叶柄和叶中都只有1条(Rf=0.78)相同的酶谱区带。结果表明:白三叶幼苗中有大量的抗氧化酶类表达,这有助于生化产品的进一步研发,这些酶特殊的差异表达还对基因表达的研究提供目标。     

白三叶水浸液对高羊茅种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

[目的]研究白三叶水浸液对高羊茅种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。[方法]用0(对照)、0.15、0.100、.05 g/ml的白三叶根茎、叶及根际土壤水浸液浸种,观察高羊茅种子萌发及幼苗生长的情况。[结果]不同部位的白三叶水浸液对高羊茅的种子萌发都有促进作用,大小顺序为:叶水浸液>根茎水浸液>根际土壤水浸液。总体来看,白三叶的叶和根茎水浸液对高羊茅幼苗生长的抑制作用大于促进作用,根际土壤水浸液的促进作用大于抑制作用。各处理高羊茅幼苗的SOD活性总体趋势为:根际土壤水浸液>根茎水浸液>CK>叶水浸液。[结论]白三叶不同部位的水浸液对高羊茅的化感作用不同,且都具有一定的浓度趋势。     

Spring and autumn establishment of Caucasian and white clovers with different sowing rates of perennial ryegrass

The effect of sowing date (SD) and sowing rate of perennial ryegrass (PRG) on the establishment of Caucasian and white clovers in New Zealand was assessed. Clovers were sown in spring on 24 September (SD1) and 9 November (SD2) 1999, and in autumn on 4 February (SD3) and 31 March (SD4) 2000. On each date, clovers were sown with 0, 3, 6 or 12 kg ha^?1 of PRG. Total herbage dry matter (DM) production up to 6 November 2000 was 13–16 t DM ha^?1 for SD1 and SD2 when sown with 3–12 kg ha^?1 of PRG, and 7–10 t DM ha^?1 for sown clover monocultures. For SD3 and SD4, total herbage production was 6–9 t DM ha^?1 with PRG, while total herbage production of clover monocultures was 5·4 t DM ha^?1 for SD3 and 2·6 t DM ha^?1 for SD4. By 6 November 2000, white clover contributed proportionately more than 0·15 of herbage mass when sown with 3–12 kg ha^?1 of PRG on SD1, SD2 or SD3, but less than 0·09 when sown on SD4. The proportion of Caucasian clover never exceeded 0·09 of herbage mass in any of the swards. White clover was successfully established in spring and in autumn with 3–12 kg ha^?1 of PRG provided the 15‐mm soil temperature was above 14 °C. None of the combinations of Caucasian clover and PRG provided an adequate proportion of legumes during the establishment year. This unsuccessful establishment of Caucasian clover with PRG was attributed to its inability to compete for available light as a seedling due to slow leaf area expansion from secondary shoot development and a high root:shoot ratio. Alternative establishment strategies for Caucasian clover may include the use of slow establishing grasses, cover crops and temporal species separation.     

Advanced analysis of dry-weight-rank data to discriminate direct and indirect interactions between white clover and grasses in a multi-species pasture under a range of management strategies

Infestations of pastures by species, such as creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), may compromise the white clover (Trifolium repens) content in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) mixtures. However, the interactions between white clover and species other than perennial ryegrass are not well understood. Strategies to prevent creeping bentgrass infestations require an understanding of its interactions with white clover, as the exclusion of white clover from infested pastures could be the result of either direct interaction or niche‐differentiation in response to management. A methodology is presented which enables the segregation of the effects of direct interaction and niche‐differentiation, based on existing dry‐weight‐rank measurements of a number of experimental pastures, subjected to a range of management strategies. Only between the two management extremities, i.e. permanent cutting of silage and lax grazing for long periods, did niche‐differentiation occur between white clover and creeping bentgrass. The white clover content was enhanced under the cutting regime, whereas lax grazing for long periods stimulated the content of creeping bentgrass. White clover was actively excluded from creeping‐bentgrass‐dominated patches by direct interaction, whereas it showed a high compatibility with perennial ryegrass. This direct interaction presents challenges to the prevention of creeping bentgrass by management, as creeping bentgrass and white clover showed nearly identical requirements in terms of environmental conditions and grassland management.     

The productivity of oats and berseem clover intercrops. I. Primary growth characteristics and forage quality at four densities of oats

Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) was sown as an intercrop with oats (Avena sativa L.) at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 240 oats plants m^?2 in May in 1999 and 2000 in Alberta, Canada. Forage yield and quality were measured at 10‐d intervals between 35 and 88 d after planting (DAP). Yield is defined as the biomass above 6 cm of the soil surface. The dry‐matter (DM) yield of berseem clover in sole crops increased by 5–10 g m^?2 d^?1 between 35 and 55 DAP and then increased by 21–28 g m^?2 d^?1 between 55 and 75 DAP. The DM yields of oats sown at 240 plants m^?2 increased by 26–28 g m^?2 d^?1 over the whole period from 35 to 75 DAP. Oats were the dominant component in the intercrops, even at low densities of oats. Berseem clover grown with 60 oats plants m^?2 received only 0·24 of the incident light when shading by oats peaked at 65 DAP. DM yields of berseem clover in intercrops with 60 oats plants m^?2 averaged 0·14–0·32 of the yields of berseem clover sole crops. Between 35 and 88 DAP in 2000, the crude protein (CP) concentration of berseem clover sole crops declined linearly from 310 to 180 g kg^?1 DM, and the CP concentration of oats exhibited a quadratic response, declining from 350 g kg^?1 DM at tillering to 110 g kg^?1 DM at the soft dough stage. The mean CP concentration of berseem clover in intercrops with 60 oats plants m^?2 was 25 g kg^?1 less than in berseem clover sole crops, indicating that competition by oats reduced the CP concentration of berseem clover. At later sampling dates, CP and DM yields of intercrops with oats at 60 plants m^?2 equalled those with oats at 240 plants m^?2. The addition of berseem clover to oats in intercrops at 60 oats plants m^?2 reduced the neutral‐detergent fibre concentration by 30 g kg^?1 DM compared with oats alone. Oats were very competitive as a companion crop for berseem clover. Adding berseem clover to oats increased forage quality and may provide for increased intake and digestibility of forage to support higher livestock productivity.     

茯砖茶中散囊菌的种类组成和鉴定

散囊菌是茯砖茶发酵中的益菌。18份茯砖茶样的分离鉴定结果表明,散囊菌的最高含量达1700000 CFU/g,平均含量是24000 CFU/g;并分离到7种散囊菌,它们是冠突散囊菌(Euro-tium cristatum)、匍匐散囊菌(Eurotium repens)、间型散囊茵(Eurotium intermedius)、谢瓦散囊菌(Eurotium chevalieri)、阿姆斯特丹散囊菌(Eurotium amstelodami)、赤散囊菌(Euro-tium rubrum)和一种未定名的散囊菌(Eurotium sp.),其中前5个菌是优势种类。文中还对它们的分类及产毒性问题作了讨论。