“红富士”不同树形冠层微生态对果实品质的影响

以"红富士"苹果为试材,研究了不同树形冠层微生态环境变化规律及其与果实品质的关系.结果表明:不同树形冠层微生态环境存在差别,高干开心形冠层光照强度、昼温、昼夜温差显著高于小冠疏层形和纺锤形,而空气相对湿度最低.由于不同树形冠层微生态环境对果实生长发育影响不同,高干开心形果实较其它两种树形单果重显著增加,着色较好,可溶性固形物含量较高,收获时单果重较小,冠疏层形增加了31.96%,而较纺锤形增加了31.28%.     

我国大树移植的现状与对策

上世纪未,伴随我国城市建设和城市绿化高速发展而来的滥挖滥移大树的歪风吹遍中华大地,使我国脆弱的生态系统雪上加霜,严重破坏了大树原生地的生态环境,制造了一大堆城市“景观垃圾”,同时也突显了我国苗圃技术和苗圃建设严重滞后的现实。几年以来,作者利用工作之便,对广东、浙江、上海、福建、海南、湖南等地的部分苗圃和城市绿地就“大树移植”问题进行了调研,收集了大量的资料、数据和现场照片;着重分析了这股歪风的缘起、发展和危害;并就如何解决这一问题作了深入的探讨,提出了一些对策和建议。     

Hollows in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and marri (Corymbia calophylla) trees: I. Hollow sizes, tree attributes and ages

One hundred and fifty-four jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and 85 marri (Corymbia calophylla) trees were measured and assessed, and the numbers and sizes of hollows in these trees were determined by destructive sampling; 665 hollows were located and measured. The relationship between tree diameter and tree age was determined from counts of annual growth rings on 162 of these trees. Large trees and trees with moderately senescent crowns individually bear the most hollows. Although the number of hollows found in individual trees increased with tree diameter, the distribution of tree diameters in the forest is skewed and the large number of small trees with diameters between 40 and 80 cm contribute approximately 50% of all hollows in the jarrah forest. The distributions of entry size, and of hollow depth, are highly skewed, with small hollows occurring more frequently than large hollows. Although jarrah trees bear more hollows than marri trees and the distribution of entry sizes is similar for both tree species, the hollows in jarrah are significantly smaller than the hollows in marri. Most hollows are cylindrical in shape, vertically oriented and occur in dead wood in the tree crown. Relatively few hollows (14%) occur in the tree bole or at crown break. Counts of hollows made from ground level are inaccurate as estimates of the actual number of hollows in trees.     

南昌市道路绿化树种选择

通过对南昌市城市道路绿化中存在问题的分析，结合21世纪城市道路绿化树种选择的要求，提出完善和改进该市道路绿化的措施和建议。     

重视多功效树种的开发

以多目标经营为着眼点，以生态优先为原则，提出多功效树种开发的建议，旨在引起社会上对多功效树种开发的重视，并推荐了9个具一定代表性的多功效树种。     

Agroforestry research and development in southern Africa during the 1990s: Review and challenges ahead

In light of the large number of empirical studies of agroforestry adoption published during the last decade, we believe it is time to take stock and identify general determinants of agroforestry adoption. In reviewing 120 articles on adoption of agricultural and forestry technology by small holders, we find five categories of factors that explain technology adoption within an economic framework: preferences, resource endowments, market incentives, biophysical factors, and risk and uncertainty. By selecting only empirical analyses that focus on agroforestry and related investments, we narrow our list down to 32 studies primarily from tropical areas. We apply vote-counting based meta-analysis to these studies and evaluate the inclusion and significance of the five adoption factors. Our analysis shows that preferences and resource endowments are the factors most often included in studies. However, adoption behavior is most likely to be significantly influenced by risk, biophysical, and resource factors. In our conclusion, we discuss specific recommendations for the next generation of adoption studies and meta-analyses that include considering a fuller menu of variables, reporting key statistics and marginal probabilities, and conducting weighted meta-regressions.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

福建滨海沙地造林树种的适应性与选择研究

对不同树种滨海沙地适生性进行测定 ,不仅可以筛选出适宜于在不同滨海沙地的树种 ,丰富滨海防护林的树种资源 ,同时 ,也是防护林生态系统管理的要求。本文通过对各树种在不同滨海沙地立地上的成活率 (或保存率 )、生长量和抗风性的比较 ,筛选出适宜在福建东南滨海后沿沙地上栽植的树种有巨尾桉、刚果1 2 #桉、厚荚相思、纹荚相思和马占相思等 5个树种 ;较适宜的树种有山地木麻黄、柠檬桉、大叶相思、湿地松等 1 0个树种 ;适宜于木麻黄基干林带更新改造的树种有木麻黄无性系 70 1 #、60 1 #、厚荚相思等 3个树种 ,较适宜的树种为刚果 1 2 #桉 ,但建议慎重使用 ;适宜于前沿有少量稀疏木麻黄老林带保护的风口沙地立地上造林的树种有厚荚相思 ,较适宜的树种有纹荚相思和马占相思等 2个树种 ;适宜于滨海风口沙地立地上造林的树种有木麻黄惠安 1号无性系和木麻黄澳大利亚种源C3 8,具有一定潜力但尚需做进一步观察的树种有短枝木麻黄、木麻黄澳大利亚 1 5 1 98种源、木麻黄无性系 70 1 #和细枝木麻黄。     

林产化学品的前景(英文)

早在有史以前,人们已经利用那些易于获得的树木提取物为人类提供了许多必需品,以后,不同国家的科学家们经过长期互相协作研究,分离出其有效组分,阐明了它们的结构,作到了化学合成和生物合成,还确定了控制它们在植物中生成的某些生物因素。今天在有机化学上的许多进展都是从175年以前的这些研究中发展而来的。近年技术的发展,质量标准的提高以及价格竞争都要求有特殊性质的原料以满足特殊的需要。当今技术的迅速发展使国际间的出口局限于那些价格低廉、质量较高的基本原料,或具有不能替代的特有成分的产品。在资源日益减少的今日世界必须更重视特定地区再生资源的保护和最大限度的发展,以及生产所需产品的最有效的技术。为此目的,对树木的生理和化学还需要更深刻的认识。     

Comparing genetic diversity in agroforestry systems with natural forest: a case study of the important timber tree Vitex fischeri in central Kenya

It is possible that current tree domestication practices undertaken by farmers reduce the genetic base of tree resources on farms, raising concerns regarding the productivity, sustainability and conservation value of agroforestry ecosystems. Here, we assessed possible changes in genetic variation during domestication in the important and heavily utilised timber species, Vitex fischeri Gürke (syn. Vitex keniensis), by comparing geographically proximate forest and farm material in central Kenya. Employing RAPD analysis, a total of 104 polymorphic markers revealed by five arbitrary primers were scored in a total of 65 individuals, 32 from forest and 33 from farmland. Despite concerns of possible genetic erosion, forest and farm stands did not differ significantly in levels of genetic variation, with H values of 0.278 and 0.269, respectively. However, Mantel tests did reveal greater geographically related associative genetic structure among individuals in farm rather than forest material, with r _M values of 0.217 and 0.114, respectively. A more detailed analysis of structure suggested this could be due to local variation in origin of some on-farm trees. Implications of data for the genetic management of V. fischeri stands during farmer-led tree domestication activities are discussed. At present, there appears little reason to reject on-farm V. fischeri as a source of germplasm for future on-farm planting or for conservation purposes, although this situation may change and will require monitoring.     

Water Use of Tree Lines: Importance of Leaf Area and Micrometeorology in Sub-Humid Kenya

In this research the relative importance of leaf area and microclimatic factors in determining water use of tree lines was examined in sub-humid Western Kenya. Measurements of tree water-use by a heat-balance technique, leaf area, bulk air saturation deficit, daily radiation, and soil water content were done in an experiment with tree lines within crop fields. The tree species were Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. and Cedrella serrata Royle, grown to produce poles on a phosphorus-fixing Oxisol/Ferralsol with (+P) or without (−P) phosphorus application. Doubling the leaf area of Cedrella and Grevillea doubled water use in a leaf area (LA) range of 1–11 m² per tree. The response of Eucalyptus water use (W) to increases in leaf area was slightly less marked, with W = LAⁿ, n<1. Transpiration rate per unit leaf area (Tr) was the other important determinant of water use, being affected by both tree species and phosphorus fertilization. A doubling of the saturation deficit (SD) halved the water use of all trees except for Cedrella +P, in which water use increased. A direct effect of soil water content on water use was only found in Grevillea -P, with a small increase (60%) as available water increased from 1.4 to 8.9% above wilting point (32%). This low direct response to soil water content is probably due to the extensive tree-root systems and the deep clayey soils supplying sufficient water to meet the evaporative demand. Indirect responses to soil water content via decreases in leaf area occurred in the dry season. The results showed that water use of tree lines was more determined by leaf area and transpiration rate per unit leaf area than by micro meteorological factors. The linear response of tree water use to leaf area, over a wide range leaf areas, is a specific characteristic of tree line configurations and distinguished them from forest stands. In tree lines light interception and canopy conductance increase with leaf area much more than a similar leaf area increase would have caused in a closed forest canopy.