加工内燃机车齿轮滚刀的设计制造和应用

针对内燃机车牵引传动中某些齿轮要求高的抗弯强度,齿根过度曲线应有最大曲率半径(即齿根倒圆凹坑)时,标准滚刀不能加工的问题,论述了设计、制造突起滚刀的方法,分析了这种带圆头突起(即齿顶变厚)滚刀的廓形特点、参数选择及计算方法,列出了相应的计算公式和技术要求,提出了设计和制造中几个应注意的问题。     

小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位染色体在不同小麦背景中的遗传稳定性及其在配子中的传递

为研究小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位染色体在不同小麦背景中的遗传稳定性及其在配子中的传递,利用高抗白粉病的普通小麦-簇毛麦6VS/ 6AL易位系92R137与不抗白粉病的栽培品种百农64、百农9310、邯5310、小偃54、淮麦20、徐麦856进行杂交,并用这些品种分别与杂种F1进行正反回交.对杂种F1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的细胞学观察表明,在减数分裂中期Ⅰ易位染色体6VS/ 6AL通常以6AL与6A 染色体配对形成棒状二价体.各杂种F1高抗白粉病,位于6VS上的抗白粉病基因Pm21呈显性,在F2中有69.0%～74.0%的植株抗白粉病,接近1对显性基因遗传的理论值.由于6VS与6AS在通常情况下不发生配对交换,因此可通过白粉病抗性鉴定并结合利用6VS上的分子标记来跟踪6VS/ 6AL易位染色体的传递.测交结果表明,以F1作母本6VS/ 6AL易位染色体通过雌配子的传递率为49.2%(45.8%～54.9%);以F1作父本6VS/ 6AL易位染色体通过雄配子的传递率为44.7% (43.1%～46.8%),均接近50%的理论值.但在各组合中,6VS/ 6AL易位染色体通过雄配子的传递率均低于通过雌配子的传递率.     

Effect of Rice Root System on Methane Transmission Velocity

以不同水稻品种为材料 ,通过实验室手段测定水培稻株甲烷传输速率 ,研究水稻根系对甲烷传输的影响。结果表明 :在水培液中加叠氮化钠对汕优 63和冒子头的甲烷传输都有一定的抑制作用 ,但使 2个品种甲烷传输速率明显减小的浓度不一致 ,汕优 63为 0 .1× 10 - 8,冒子头为 0 .5× 10 - 8。说明品种间对叠氮化钠耐性存在差异。通过进一步对汕优 63水稻根系剪切处理表明 :剪根后甲烷传输速率随之改变 ,留根条数、根重与甲烷传输速率的变化均呈明显的线性正相关 ;仅切除根尖 ,甲烷传输速率大幅度下降 ,降低了 5 0 .8%。这些结果说明稻根的主动吸收 ,对稻体的甲烷传输起十分重要的作用     

The combined effects of enhanced UV-B radiation and selenium on growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and ultrastructure in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) treated in the field

The possible ameliorative effects of selenium (Se) addition to soil on the detrimental effects of enhanced UV-B radiation were tested on strawberry and barley during 4 months of field experiment in Kuopio, Central Finland. Control plants were exposed to ambient levels of UV radiation, using arrays of unenergized lamps. A control for UV-A radiation was also included in the experiment. Added Se, applied as H₂SeO₄, at the level of 0.1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (low dosage) and 1 mg kg⁻¹ soil (high dosage) increased Se concentrations in plants more than 10 and 100 times, respectively. After 4 months of exposure, strawberry and barley plants were harvested for biomass analysis. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using the Hansatech FMS2 fluorescence monitoring system. Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure were observed by light and transmission electron microscope. Several effects of UV and Se as well as their interaction were found, mostly for strawberry, but not for barley, indicating species-specific responses. Our results provided evidence that the high Se concentration in soil had no ameliorative effect but increased the sensitivity of strawberry to enhanced UV-B radiation in the field. Under ambient radiation, Se did not alter leaf growth of strawberry, whereas under UV-B radiation, the high Se addition significantly decreased leaf growth. Strawberry runner biomass was affected by the interaction of Se and UV. Under ambient radiation Se did not change dry weight of runners, but in combination with UV-A or UV-B radiation the high Se dosage decreased dry weight of runners by about 30%. Although the high Se concentration positively influenced on quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) in strawberry leaves, it reduced runner biomass, leaf number and ratio of starch to chloroplast area. This suggests that the harmful effects of the high Se dosage on photosynthetic processes occurred as a result of changes in activity or/and biosynthesis of enzymes, rather than alteration of PSII. At the low concentration, Se effects were slight and variable.Although barley leaves accumulated higher Se concentrations than strawberry, there were no apparent changes in their growth, biomass or chlorophyll fluorescence due to Se effect either alone or in combination with UV-B. However, at the ultrastructural level, an enlargement in the peroxisome area was found due to combination of UV radiation with Se, suggesting the activation of antioxidative enzymes, possibly catalase. Decrease in mitochondrial density in barley cells in response to Se might be attributed to alteration of mitochondrial division. Increase in the proportion of cells with cytoplasmic lipid bodies due to combined effect of UV-B and Se indicated the alteration of lipid metabolism and the acceleration of cell senescence in barley. Main UV-B effects were found, mostly at the tissue and ultrastructural level in strawberry, but not in barley, indicating species-specific susceptibility to enhanced UV-B radiation. UV-B-treated strawberry plants developed marginally thinner leaves with reduced ratio of starch to chloroplast area in their cells, suggesting negative influence of UV-B on photosynthetic processes.     

Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains between different kinds of pig farms

The main objective of the present study was to investigate if different kinds of pig farms, like farrowing farms and rearing farms, play a role in the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to Dutch finishing farms. Twelve farrowing farms, 11 finishing farms, 6 farrow-to finish farms, 1 rearing farm and 1 centre for artificial insemination were included. Screening of 310 pigs from these 31 farms showed 35 pigs (11%) to carry MRSA in their nares. On 7 of the 31 (23%) investigated farms colonized pigs were found, including 3 finishing farms, 3 farrowing farms and 1 farrow-to-finish farm. The use of standard antimicrobial medication of the pigs seemed to be a risk factor for MRSA carriage. Screening of the pigs on six farms supplying pigs for the MRSA positive farms revealed that the pigs on all but one farm were MRSA positive. Genotyping revealed that all MRSA strains were non-typeable by PFGE using the SmaI restriction enzyme and had multilocus sequence type (MLST) ST398. Different spa-types were found including t011, t108, t567, t899 and t1939, but the spa-types on epidemiologically related farms were identical indicating that MRSA are transmitted between farms through the purchase of colonized pigs. Two SCCmec types were found among the MRSA: type IV and type V. SCCmec type V was predominant. On two farms MRSA isolates with ST398, the same spa-type but with different SCCmec types (IV and V) were found, suggesting that different SCCmec elements have been inserted into MSSA with the same genotype. All MRSA strains were resistant to tetracycline, but additional resistances to erythromycin, lincomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin were also found. All MRSA isolates were negative for the exfoliative toxin genes (eta and etb), PVL toxin genes (lukF and lukS), toxic shock syndrome gene (tst-1), and the leukotoxin genes (lukE, lukD, lukM, lukF').     

企业风险与审计师选择

信号传递理论认为,IPO市场中审计师选择可以作为信号机制,降低发行企业和投资者之间的信息不对称程度。本文以股权分置改革后我国证券发行制度向市场化过渡为背景,考察我国审计师声誉和IPO企业特征之间的关系。研究结果表明,在公司规模、资产负债率、资产净利率、投资银行声誉、公司成立时间这五个反映公司风险的变量中,公司规模、投资银行声誉、公司成立时间与是否选择大事务所进行审计有显著正相关关系,且大规模事务所审计的IPO企业的首日回报显著要低,这意味着大规模事务所的高声誉得到了市场的认可,审计师的信号传递功能在我国初步有效。     

Variation of Aujeszky's disease viruses in wild swine in USA

In the United States of America, Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) has been eradicated from all domestic swine. Some re-emergence of infection occurred as vaccine use diminished. Sporadic outbreaks have also occurred because of the reservoir of infection in feral swine that have spread across the southern two-thirds of the country and Hawaii. In order to be able to understand the origins of re-emerging virus, sequence analysis of variable genes in pseudorabies virus (PRV) has been used to differentiate strains. Most PRV from feral swine can be distinguished from virus circulating in domestic pigs during the national epizootic. However, several feral swine isolates of PRV from south central states are closely related or identical in sequence to strains from domestic pigs. Extensive study by PCR for the presence of virus in the oral cavity of feral pigs disclosed that the viral DNA is distributed widely in tonsils salivary glands, taste buds and even mucosa in the vicinity of tusks. Clearly the virus in feral swine has multiple mechanisms of transmission to insure persistent infection and the threat of re-emergence in domestic swine continues.     

联合收获机原地转向变速器设计

为提高联合收获机的机动性和工作效率,设计了由湿式摩擦片离合器传递反转动力的原地转向行走变速器并进行试验研究。结果表明:正、反转动力转换柔和传递可靠,理论转向半径为零;与传统单边制动转向机构相比,作相同角度转向时,转向行程比后者下降了50%,转向功耗比后者下降41.43%,并减轻了对田间地表的破坏。原地转向技术的应用,可减少田间作业空行程,提高机器机动性,从而提高了联合收获机的整机技术水平。     

最佳逼近法求解定传动比连杆机构的精度预测

应用误差理论对最佳逼近法求解从动杆作近似等速运动的平面连杆机构的理论运动精度进行了分析,导出了误差传动比公式,利用计算机绘制了误差曲线,从而为仪器仪表中实现线性位移的平面连杆机构的尺度综合提供了精度预测手段和重要的评估参数。