西气东输感应加热弯管工艺参数的研究

通过热模拟技术，研究了西气东输工程用X70钢级感应加热弯管在不同工艺过程中力学性能和组织结构的变化规律，评价了弯管的组织、性能特征，揭示了工艺一组织一性能间的关系，为弯管的生产提供了优化的工艺参数。研究结果表明，当加热温度为950～1050℃、冷却速度为20～40℃／s、保温时间为1min、回火温度为530℃时，生产出的弯管具有优良的性能，能够满足西气东输工程的需要。     

Small- and large-scale network structure of live fish movements in Scotland

Networks are increasingly being used as an epidemiological tool for studying the potential for disease transmission through animal movements in farming industries. We analysed the network of live fish movements for commercial salmonids in Scotland in 2003. This network was found to have a mixture of features both aiding and hindering disease transmission, hindered by being fragmented, with comparatively low mean number of connections (2.83), and low correlation between inward and outward connections (0.12), with moderate variance in these numbers (coefficients of dispersion of 0.99 and 3.12 for in and out, respectively); but aided by low levels of clustering (0.060) and some non-random mixing (coefficient of assortativity of 0.16). Estimated inter-site basic reproduction number R₀ did not exceed 2.4 at high transmission rate. The network was strongly organised into communities, resulting in a high modularity index (0.82). Arc (directed connection) removal indicated that effective surveillance of a small number of connections may facilitate a large reduction in the potential for disease spread within the industry. Useful criteria for identification of these important arcs included degree- and betweenness-based measures that could in future prove useful for prioritising surveillance.     

Current perspectives on the diagnosis and epidemiology of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the principal aetiological agent of enzootic pneumonia (EP), a chronic respiratory disease that affects mainly finishing pigs. Although major efforts to control M. hyopneumoniae infection and its detrimental effects have been made, significant economic losses in pig production worldwide due to EP continue. M. hyopneumoniae is typically introduced into pig herds by the purchase of subclinically infected animals or, less frequently, through airborne transmission over short distances. Once in the herd, M. hyopneumoniae may be transmitted by direct contact from infected sows to their offspring or between pen mates.The ‘gold standard’ technique used to diagnose M. hyopneumoniae infection, bacteriological culture, is laborious and is seldom used routinely. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction detection methods, in addition to post-mortem inspection in the form of abattoir surveillance or field necropsy, are the techniques most frequently used to investigate the potential involvement of M. hyopneumoniae in porcine respiratory disease. Such techniques have been used to monitor the incidence of M. hyopneumoniae infection in herds both clinically and subclinically affected by EP, in vaccinated and non-vaccinated herds and under different production and management conditions. Differences in the clinical course of EP at farm level and in the efficacy of M. hyopneumoniae vaccination suggest that the transmission and virulence characteristics of different field isolates of M. hyopneumoniae may vary. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge of the epidemiology of M. hyopneumoniae infection including its transmission, infection and seroconversion dynamics and also compares the various epidemiological tools used to monitor EP.     

Studies on the rotifer (Brachionus urceus Linnaeus, 1758) as a vector in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) transmission

The rotifer Brachionus urceus (Linnaeus, 1758) was experimentally infected with the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) by the virus-phytoplankton adhesion route in order to assess the possibility of rotifer acting as a vector of WSSV to infect the shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) larvae at zoea stage III. The nested-PCR test revealed WSSV-positive results in the rotifers exposed to WSSV by the virus-phytoplankton adhesion route. Among 10 replicates in the infection treatment, 40% of F. chinensis larvae became WSSV-positive when fed with WSSV-positive rotifers, whereas all were WSSV-negative for F. chinensis when fed with WSSV-free rotifers. Though the mortality of shrimp larvae in the infection treatment (39.47 ± 15.44%) was higher than that in the control treatment (34.67 ± 15.11%), there was no significant difference in the mortality between them (P > 0.05). These results indicated that the rotifer could serve as a vector in WSSV transmission when ingested.     

猪流行性腹泻病毒及感染扩散途径

猪流行性腹泻病毒Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses(PEDV),是冠状病毒科,冠状病毒属。猪流行性腹泻病(PED)传播速度快,传播范围广。主要原因就是猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)的传播途径多样化。文章就猪流行性腹泻病毒在空气、运输车辆、饲料生产设备、精液的传播途径和经鼻黏膜感染进行讨论。     

槽式翻抛机RV减速器传动偏差理论分析

行星齿轮作为一级传动系统和二级系统摆线针轮共同组成RV减速机，在减速器整机装配过程中各零部件的偏差源通过偏差传递后的偏差值的大小直接影响着其传动精度。因此本文着重研究槽式翻抛机RV减速器在装配过程中偏差传递机理对其精度的影响，并基于蒙特卡洛法并研究和分析其偏差源及其偏差传递机理对RV-40E减速器及整机的装配偏差统计量进行求解，得出第2级传动偏差值对减速器整机偏差传递的影响最大的结论。对促进减速器的研究开发以及对我国有机肥翻抛系统的开发有着重要的工程实际意义。     

台湾红壤及森林土壤中之氧化铁

本文综合汇整近年来在台湾，应用高梯度磁场分离技术，配合一般化学分析，Ｘ－射线衍射法，磁测分析，电子显微镜观察与电子衍射鉴定，以及铁－５７穆期堡尔谱学分析等方法，研究红壤与森林土壤中，氧化铁的分布及其结构性质之成果回顾；关于氧化铁之分布情形，其研究结果显示：台湾红壤中普遍存在有赤铁矿与针铁矿等氧化铁矿物，而在化育自大屯山更新世纪安山岩母质与澎湖列岛更新世纪玄武岩母质的红壤中，以及兰屿绿岛海边之银白色     

丘陵山地拖拉机底盘传动及转向系统的设计

针对拖拉机在丘陵山区适应性差，田间地头转向半径大、易损害作物，耗时长和效率低等问题，设计了一种可原地转向的504型丘陵山地拖拉机底盘。整机采用四驱轮式行走系统，前进和后退速度为0～5 km/h，可无级调速。传动系统采用机械式“H”型传动路线，通过纵梁内外双轴的设计将左右两侧的驱动力独立分开。采用离合器式转向分动器，通过转向分动箱内的牙嵌式离合器两两组合，完成底盘不同作业状态的控制，两路动力通过正转+正转、反转+反转、正转+反转和反转+正转4种状态的组合，实现拖拉机的前进、倒退、左右大小半径转向和原地转向。结果表明，整机最大牵引力为10.78 kN，最大及最小总传动比分别为732.50和73.25，前后驱动桥传动轴最高及最低转速分别为31.07和6.21 r/min。底盘的轮距和轴距比值为1，其所受滑移阻力矩与滚动阻力矩之和小于其所受驱动力矩，可在窄小地头实现原地转向，减小拖拉机田间作业的空行程，提高作业效率，有效保护农作物。