有机与常规‘脐红’猕猴桃营养品质动态分析

通过对常规与有机‘脐红’猕猴桃,从刚采收的鲜果（可溶性固形物>6.5）在常温条件下贮存到腐烂,每间隔7天测定果实的硬度、可溶性固形物、总酸、固酸比和Vc含量,分析‘脐红’猕猴桃在后熟过程中营养品质变化动态,有利于指导人们在果实营养品质最佳时食用。结果显示,猕猴桃果实在从采收成熟度向生理成熟度过渡时,果实硬度和总酸都随时间的延长而下降,而可溶性固形物、固酸比和Vc含量先升高再降低;有机栽培果实的营养品质和贮藏品质都优于常规栽培。     

绿色低碳视域下长江经济带耕地生态外溢价值评估及时空变化分析

为推进长江经济带耕地保护和绿色低碳发展,利用当量因子法、环境成本法等测算耕地生态服务价值和负外部性价值,结合耕地生态足迹和生态承载力,将长江经济带11省（直辖市）划分为盈余区、平衡区与赤字区,对耕地生态外溢价值进行评估,并分析时空变化特征。结果显示：（1）2011-2021年长江经济带耕地生态价值总量呈上升趋势,由3 670.37亿元上涨至4 661.55亿元,耕地生态外溢价值缓慢上升,由1 353.82亿元上涨至1 970.77亿元。（2）长江经济带耕地资源整体处于盈余状态,耕地生态价值总体呈现出“东低西高”的态势,四川省耕地生态价值和盈余量最高,上海市耕地生态价值最低。（3）2011-2021年间,浙江省和上海市处于耕地生态赤字区,四川省处于耕地生态高盈余区,重庆市和贵州省处于耕地生态平衡状态,江西省、安徽省和江苏省耕地生态盈亏无显著变化,云南省和湖北省耕地生态盈余水平有所上升,湖南省耕地生态盈余水平有所下降。基于此,长江经济带各省（直辖市）应充分利用自身资源和优势,制定和实施适应性的耕地保护策略,推动耕地资源的可持续利用,为实现长江经济带的生态优先、绿色低碳发展目标做出贡献。     

Enhancement of revegetation on construction fill by fertilizer and topsoil application: Effect on mycorrhizal infection

The influence of topsoil and fertilizer application on denuded road construction sites was evaluated to assess its contribution to improvement of vegetation re-establishment. the study sites were within a mixed hardwood and conifer forest on crushed, unweathered subsurface material with low fertility and low biological activity. Topsoils were removed from the site, stockpiled and reapplied to the site after construction. the effect of topsoil amendment on plant growth, soil fertility, mycorrhizal infection and an index of microbial biomass were measured in field and greenhouse experiments. Plant growth on the topsoil amended field plots were greatly increased relative to treatments with fertilizer but no topsoil. Three years after establishment, dry weight production on the plots without topsoil treatment was about 40 per cent of the plots treated with topsoil. Greenhouse experiments were designed to compare fresh, dried and stockpiled topsoil. These experiments indicated that storage of the harvested topsoil for five months in a stockpile had minor effects on plant growth, soil fertility, mycorrhizal infection and microbial biomass. Topsoil volumes had to exceed 20 per cent of the total soil volume to achieve statistically significant benefits and higher ratios showed greater benefit. the percentage of mycorrhizal infection was greatest in topsoil treatments without fertilizer. the addition of fertilizer increased growth but reduced the percentage of roots forming mycorrhizae. When the total weight of infected roots was calculated, however, infection was found to be greatest with a moderate level of fertilizer (equivalent to approximately 27 kg N ha⁻¹ and 39 kg P ha⁻¹), and was less in both higher fertilizer treatments and in unfertilized treatments. Topsoil amendment increased microbial biomass nitrogen but fertilizer treatment did not.     

The potential of mini-ridging for controlling intrarow weeds: estimating minimum lethal burial depth

Weed management using synthetic herbicides is undergoing a global decline, necessitating a re-evaluation of existing control measures and the development of novel weed management tools. ‘Mini-ridging’ is a non-discriminatory, physical weeding method that functions by burying weeds in the intrarow with a laterally shifted ridge of soil. In glasshouse trials using potted plants, we found that plant recovery after soil application was influenced by plant size, which in turn was influenced by plant species, developmental stage and/or age. The likelihood of plant recovery after soil application was negatively related to the depth of soil applied: very few plants survived total coverage by soil but, conversely, survival could be substantial if some parts of the plants were not covered. The results suggest that burial under a depth of 6 cm of soil would eliminate most plants regardless of species or growth stage. Larger plants would require the application of a greater total depth of soil to achieve this 6 cm of soil cover, and weed management would, therefore, tend to be more successful and more practical if weeds were targeted when still small. This research demonstrates the potential of plant burial as a simple and reliable means of non-chemical weed management, and re-emphasises that, for weed control to be effective, the applied soil layer must cover the whole plant.     

不同生长条件下切花向日葵生产效益和碳足迹分析

为探究切花向日葵生产碳足迹和经济效益,通过调研切花向日葵生产企业,利用生命周期评价法评估露地,拱棚和日光温室3种不同生长条件下切花向日葵碳排放,核算生产成本和效益,结果表明：露地切花向日葵生产碳足迹为2174.46kg/hm2,生产成本51994元/ hm2,收入178608元/ hm2;拱棚向日葵生产碳足迹为2041.13kg/ hm2,生产成本59443元/ hm2,收入175973元/ hm2;日光温室向日葵生产碳足迹为2038.92kg/ hm2,生产成本58465元/ hm2,收入179544元/ hm2。3种不同生长条件下切花向日葵生产的主要成本均来自人工,种子,地租和肥料,碳排放最主要的来源均为厩肥和氮肥。在未来切花向日葵生产中,可通过优化生产技术提高肥料利用率,研发专用机械降低劳动力投入,增加轮作等途径来实现减排增收的目的。     

碳交易视域下养殖户畜禽粪污资源化利用受偿意愿与影响因素——基于河北省7市694户养猪户调研数据

为进一步探究养殖户粪污资源化利用受偿意愿、受偿水平及其影响因素,基于碳交易视角,利用2023年3—4月对河北省7市694户养猪户的调研数据,运用条件价值评估法、二元Logit模型和Tobit模型对此进行系统分析。结果表明：1）88.76%的养猪户愿意接受补偿,其受偿水平在25.03~31.50元/t;2）养猪户年龄、养殖场地面积以及粪污资源化利用生态效益等因素会显著影响养猪户受偿意愿;风险偏好、场地面积、养殖规模、养殖信息获取渠道、粪污资源化利用经济效益显著影响其受偿水平;3）规模异质性视角下,粪污资源化利用生态效益显著正向影响不同规模养猪户受偿意愿。自动化设施配置数量和粪污资源化利用社会效益显著影响不同规模养猪户受偿水平,但其影响方向存在显著差异。为使养殖户更好参与资源化利用,应加强对畜禽粪污资源化利用正面效果的宣传,将宏观政策规范与地方实际相结合、因地制宜,有序推进碳交易补偿机制的建立。     

展望21世纪中国与世界的乡村发展前景——灵丘全域有机农业实践与理论认识

为探索21世纪的中国乡村与世界乡村发展情况,本研究以山西省大同市灵丘县全域有机农业的实践成果为依据,利用地理科学与系统科学方法分析中外乡村面临的主要问题并提出对策,综合国家乡村振兴战略目标任务部署,预测中国乡村与世界乡村发展情况。结果表明：中外乡村面临的主要问题为食品安全问题、粮食安全问题、乡村社会安全问题、生态环境安全问题和国际农业安全问题;解决乡村五大安全问题的对策方案为建设全域有机农业;预测2030年时我国需要完成食品安全任务,2035年完成粮食安全任务,2040年完成乡村社会安全任务,2045年完成生态环境安全任务,2050年完成国际农业安全任务。本研究还进一步预测了世界乡村安全在2100年前实现的阶段建设目标。     

国际有机农业运动的发展历程对中国有机产业的启示

为深入探讨国际有机农业和中国有机产业的发展历程,以其整体发展情况为研究对象,利用对比研究法和经验总结法,对国际有机农业和中国有机产业的发展历程进行了回溯和对比。结果表明：1）20世纪初,科学和技术的发展推动了现代农业的发展进展。在整体论和还原论这2种不同观点指导下,现代农业分化成有机农业和常规农业2大体系,两者既矛盾又统一;2）国际有机农业理念多样,经历了起源、发展壮大和迈向主流化等3个发展阶段,分别称为有机1.0、2.0和3.0阶段。3）20世纪90年代,有机农业主要以农产品认证的形式正式被引入国内,国内对其理念、政策、人才和技术尚未成体系。因此,中国有机产业虽然市场发展快速,但是面临生产端需要更高质量发展的境况;4）基于还原论的常规农业是机械唯物主义在农业领域的表现,与以辩证唯物主义与历史唯物主义为指导的中国特色的社会主义农业农村现代化终将存在分歧。中国农业现代化不能只是侧重常规农业,更必须发展以整体论为指导的有机农业。总之,有机产业在中国取得了优异的成果,同时也正面临巨大挑战。在新常态下,中国有机产业应着力建立起全面的科学哲学、科学与技术以及产业与实践体系,以满足消费者对有机理念到产品与服务的多维度需求。     

‘糯米糍’荔枝碳素营养储备动态与坐果的关系

 以10～12年生的‘糯米糍’荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn. ) 为材料, 研究了高产树(60～65 kg·株^{- 1} ) 和低产树(5～10 kg·株^{- 1} ) 不同部位(叶片、各级枝条和主干) 碳素营养储备(淀粉) 的差异及季节动态; 分析了不同果实发育阶段树体碳素营养水平与坐果率的关系。结果表明, 果实成熟时高产树各部位的淀粉含量均低于低产树, 而可溶性糖含量高于低产树。果实采收后, 低产树早于高产树抽发新梢。入冬季前(11月底前) , 低产树和高产树分别抽发了3次和2次秋梢。7～11月秋梢生长发育期间, 高产树和低产树均无显著淀粉积累, 11月中旬以后枝梢生长停滞期间, 各部位, 尤其是4 cm直径以内的枝条大量积累淀粉, 在花穗发育前达到高峰。之后, 随花穗发育、开花及坐果而持续降低。高产树和低产树各部位淀粉高峰并无明显差异, 表明坐果量对树体碳素营养储备的累积并无明显的长期影响。叶片、主枝和主干积累的淀粉含量较低, 总体相对稳定; 而4 cm直径以下的枝梢淀粉含量变化剧烈, 说明这些枝梢是更为活跃的碳素储备库。本研究还表明, 坐果早期(花后3周内) 枝条(2 cm直径) 的淀粉含量与该枝条上最终坐果率呈显著正相关, 而果实发育中期(花后8周) 枝条淀粉含量与坐果率无关, 说明早期果实发 育一定程度依赖树体碳素营养储备, 而中后期果实发育几乎不依赖树体储备。