山西省西山地区退耕还林还草后续产业的发展与保障问题分析

本文通过随机抽取5个典型县区的有关数据,从退耕与林草建设的模式入手,利用比较和综合分析的方法,分析了山西省西山地区以林牧业发展为主的退耕还林还草后续产业的现状和趋势,以及后续产业发展的保障性等问题。结果认为,从整体上看,山西省西山地区退耕还林还草后续产业发展过程可分为倒退式发展(2000—2003年)、明显加快发展(2003—2006年)和迅速发展(2006—2009年)3个时段。选定的典型县区总体情况表明,在区域耕地减少、人口增多的情况下,粮食总产量和人均粮食产量均有所增长,表明典型区域耕地质量明显提高和后续产业持续发展的趋势;从典型县区个案情况看,在某一定时段内粮食总产量和人均粮食产量均出现不同幅度的负增长态势,也显示了该区后续产业存在严重的发展问题。最后提出了稳定耕地数量、保障人均粮食拥有量是后续产业发展的根本,以及需要进一步分析的主要问题。     

Bacterial flora associated with the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, in the hatchery system

The objective of this study was to understand the microbial flora associated with the hatchery system of giant fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii during an entire rearing cycle. Bacteriological and physico-chemical analysis was done for different samples of water, larvae, and Artemia. The total bacterial load in well water, seawater and inlet water varied from 10¹ to 10⁵ cfu ml^− 1 with higher counts seen in larval rearing tank (LRT) water. The Vibrio count ranged between 10¹ to 10³ cfu ml^− 1. Larval samples harboured a bacterial load of 10⁶ to 10⁷ cfu/10 larvae. The bacterial load in Artemia hatching water ranged from 4.90 × 10⁴ to 5.63 × 10⁶ cfu ml^− 1 while Artemia had a load ranging from 1.08 × 10⁷ to 2.09 × 10⁹ cfu g^− 1. Vibrio count in the LRT water ranged from 10¹-10³ cfu ml^− 1 while the count in larvae ranged from 10² to 10⁴ cfu/10 larvae. The bacterial genera were predominantly Gram-negative and comprised of Aeromonas spp., Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp. and Bacillus spp. and non-spore formers (NSF) were the dominant Gram-positive bacteria. This study documents the bacterial flora associated with Macrobrachium hatchery system during a regular normal run. Knowledge of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of bacterial flora in the hatchery would help to understand disturbances, if any, brought about during disease outbreaks.     

苦瓜总皂甙含量测定及超声提取最佳条件的研究

建立了苦瓜总皂甙的超声提取和分光光度测定方法,并优化了超声提取的提取温度、乙醇浓度、料液比和提取时间等因素。结果显示,超声波提取法最佳工艺组合为:70%乙醇,液料比为30∶1,振荡频率为60%,70℃超声提取30 m in/次,重复提取2次;且分光光度测定法操作简便、快速、准确,可作为苦瓜制品提取及质量评价方法。     

板栗种仁中总酚酸的提取纯化工艺研究

[目的]建立富集板栗种仁中高纯度总酚酸的方法.[方法]以没食子酸为对照品,采用分光光度法测定板栗种仁中总酚酸含量;以总酚酸含量为指标,对提取方法进行系统研究;以总酚酸的得率和精制度为考察指标,研究大孔树脂吸附纯化提取物的工艺条件及参数.[结果]用体积分数为75％的乙醇回流提取的总酚酸获得较高的提取率,通过HPD-826型大孔树脂纯化后,总酚酸得率的质量分数达到83.6％以上,体积分数为70％的乙醇洗脱液总固物中总酚酸的质量分数达到58.1％以上.[结论]采用此种提取及精制方法,可较好地提取纯化板栗种仁中的总酚酸.     

从甜瓜子叶中提取总DNA

用分子标记方法检测甜瓜杂交种子纯度,如果从真叶中提取DNA,检测周期至少需要15d。为了缩短检测周期,我们分别以甜瓜的成熟干种子、吸胀水后“露白”种子、3d龄刚转绿子叶、6d龄子叶、9d龄子叶和12d龄子叶为材料,进行了提取总DNA的研究。结果表明:除了干种子和吸胀水后“露白”种子外,其他的材料都可以提取到DNA,但是DNA的质量因子叶日龄不同而存在很大的差异。不同日龄的子叶中,以3d龄子叶提取的DNA质量好。子叶6d龄时,提取的DNA质量次于3d龄,少量DNA开始出现降解,以后随着子叶日龄的增加,DNA降解加重。另外,与以真叶为材料提取的DNA样品相比较,子叶DNA样品中的蛋白质等杂质含量高,应增加氯仿抽提纯化次数。     

沼液施用对土壤与植物中磷分布的影响

以余杭青菜地潮土、红壤为例,选取未施加沼液、正常施加沼液以及加倍施加的土壤剖面各3条,研究沼液施加对土壤和植物磷(P)分布的影响,为畜禽废弃物资源化利用和瓜果合理施肥提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)沼液施加能够提高表层土壤的总P含量,而对深层土壤的总P含量影响不大;(2)沼液施加后,土壤中的Fe-P含量会有显著增加;(3)青菜茎和叶中的总P含量随沼液施加量的增加而增加,其中叶增加的趋势最明显。     

两系杂交稻“两优培九”的选育及其栽培特性

 采用两系方法以培矮 6 4S作母本 ,9311作父本 ,培育的籼型杂交稻两优培九 ,作一季中稻栽培 ,在掌握栽培特性和肥水良好的条件下 ,大面积实收产量达 9.5～ 11.0t·ha-1,且不易倒伏。米质达国标优质米级 ,并抗白叶枯病和稻瘟病。高产群体指标为每公顷栽插 2 2 .5～ 2 7.0万穴。单株栽插 ,基本苗 75～ 12 0万个·ha-1,最高茎蘖数345 .0～ 375 .0万个·ha-1,有效穗 2 2 5 .0～ 2 5 5 .0万穗·ha-1,每穗总颖花 2 0 0个左右 ,结实率 83%～ 88% ,千粒重 2 6～2 7g。栽培技术为适时早播 ,早施分蘖肥 ,达到前期早发中期稳长。基面肥、分蘖肥与后期施氮量各占总施氮量的70 %和 30 % ,每公顷总用纯氮量 2 2 5～ 2 5 5kg。宜重视磷钾肥的施用 ,后期切忌早断水 ,应切实防治稻曲病。     

野生竹红菌中总氮的测定

[目的]为进一步研究竹红菌奠定基础。[方法]用凯氏定氮法测定总氮含量,研究温度、消化时间及样品用量对野生竹红菌消化过程的影响。[结果]野生竹红菌样品与硫酸钾、硫酸铜、硫酸的比例分别为1∶5、2∶1、1∶15时消化最佳。样品预处理条件和消化时间一致,温度为250~350℃时,不同的样品用量测定的总氮量没有较大差异。消化温度越高,样品中获得的粗蛋白和总氮越高,温度是影响消化的关键因素,并且消化温度越高所用的消化时间越短。[结论]利用凯氏定氮法测定竹红菌中总氮的最优消化条件为样品量0.5 g左右,起始消化温度300℃,泡沫减少和烟雾变白后升高至350℃,消化时间4 h左右,在此条件下竹红菌的粗蛋白含量达22.50%,总含氮量达3.60%。     

Fractal features of soil particle size distribution and the implication for indicating desertification

Some of the effects of land desertification on soil properties are manifested by the coarsening of the soil particlesize distribution (PSD) and the losses in organic C and nutrients. The changes and characteristics of PSD and selected chemical properties in soils at the 0-15 cm plough layer from different degrees of desertified croplands are analyzed in the semiarid Horqin Sandy Land, northern China. The fractal dimension of the PSD is emanated to characterize the patterns of PSD. The relationships between the fractal dimension of the PSD and selected soil properties are discussed. The results show that: (1) in the transformation from potential desertified cropland to extremely desertified cropland, the sand content at the 0-15 cm soil increased from 69% to 93%, organic C and total N contents decreased by 65% and 69%, respectively; (2) the fractal dimension of PSD ranged from 2.179 to 2.611, the more the contents of sand, the lower the fractal dimension and the higher the desertified degree of farmland. In the desertification process within the studied area, the mean fractal dimension decreased from 2.555 for the potential desertified soils to 2.298 for extremely desertified soils; (3) there existed considerable linear relationships between fractal dimension and soil properties. It was shown that fractal dimensions of PSD are useful parameters able to monitor soil degradation and to estimate the degree of soil desertification.     

微波辅助法提取藤茶黄酮工艺优化

[目的]提高藤茶中总黄酮提取率.[方法]以藤茶为原料,以水为溶剂,采用微波辅助提取的方式,研究了浸提温度、浸提时间、微波辅助加热时间、微波加热功率4个单因素对藤茶总黄酮提取率的影响,并在单因素的基础上进行正交试验得到藤茶总黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件.[结果]在100℃的温度下浸提时间60min,中高档微波加热120 s的条件下,藤茶总黄酮的得率最高.[结论]优化微波辅助法工艺能提高藤茶黄酮提取率.