八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂交后代中小麦染色体相互易位类型的鉴定

易位是一种常见的染色体变异类型,在小麦进化及育种进程中发挥了较大的作用。为给小麦育种改良提供新的材料,本研究采用非变性原位杂交（ND-FISH）技术,对八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦品种川麦107杂交产生的高代稳定品系进行分析鉴定。结果发现,4个小麦品系TC、19Y-145、19Y-185和19Y-200分别在7B与3D、2D与3B、7B与4D和3B与3D染色体之间发生了相互易位。在TC、19Y-145中,易位断裂点发生在着丝粒区域,分别形成3DS·7BS和3DL·7BL、2DS·3BS和2DL·3BL相互易位染色体。在19Y-185中,易位断裂点发生在7B染色体的长臂和4D染色体的短臂上,构成4DS-7BS·7BL和4DL·4DS-7BL相互易位染色体。在19Y-200中,易位断裂点发生在3B染色体和3D染色体的长臂上,形成3DL-3BS·3BL和3DS·3DL-3BL相互易位染色体。在这4种易位类型中,除3B与3D染色体易位有报道外,其余3种均为新的易位类型。推测这些染色体相互易位类型可能与四川独特的环境气候有关。本研究获得的小麦染色体有益相互易位类型,不仅能够拓宽小麦的遗传基础,也可为研究小麦的染色体变异和种质创新提供新的材料。     

博落回对铅的耐性、富集及生理响应研究

以草本植物博落回（Macleaya cordata）为供试植物,采用沙培盆栽实验研究其对重金属铅（Pb）的耐性、富集及生理响应机制。结果表明：博落回能耐受500 mg/L的Pb胁迫而其生长发育不受影响,高于此浓度时植株生长发育受到抑制。不同组织对Pb的富集能力表现为根>茎>叶,博落回对Pb的富集与转运能力皆随Pb胁迫浓度的升高而减弱。Pb胁迫引起丙二醛（Malondialdehyde, MDA）在植物体内累积。低于500 mg/L的Pb促进叶绿素、可溶性蛋白的合成和抗氧化酶活性的提高,高于此浓度时,则表现为抑制,且导致膜脂过氧化与生物膜的损伤。Pb主要以迁移活性低的化学形态存在于细胞壁和可溶性组分中,浓度升高会导致Pb向迁移毒性强的形态转化。透射电子显微镜（TEM）观察到高浓度的Pb胁迫会损害细胞壁结构,使Pb进入细胞内部,对细胞造成毒害。傅里叶红外光谱仪（FTIR）分析表明,Pb胁迫会提高细胞内-OH、-COOH等基团和有机酸、蛋白质的含量,在低浓度时可与Pb结合,削弱其对博落回的毒性。     

Phenotypic differences may limit the potential for habitat restoration involving species translocation: a case study of shape ecophenotypes in different populations of Modiolus modiolus (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

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Evaluating foliar nitrogen compounds as indicators of nitrogen status in Prunus persica trees

Mobile nitrogen (N) forms may be better N indicators of the N status of trees than total nitrogen (TN) due to their higher sensitivity to increasing N supply. A field experiment was carried out over a 3-year period to compare foliar concentrations of total N (TN), soluble N (SN), chlorophyll (Minolta SPAD readings), NH₄–N and NO₃–N as indicators of soil N availability in nectarine, Prunus persica L. Batsch, cv. ‘Fantasia’ (grafted on ‘Nemaguard’ peach, P. persica × P. davidiana) trees. Young trees were exposed to a range of fertilizer-N application rates. Based on correlation analysis, the best association between leaf N compounds with soil N supply and trunk diameter and/or fruit yield was obtained with TN and chlorophyll SPAD readings. Leaf concentrations of mobile N compounds (NH₄–N and NO₃–N) increased more than any other N compound under high N supply; however, their inconsistency among years and low leaf concentration difficult their use as N indicators. The optimum foliar TN for growth decreased with tree age, 4.4%, 3.6% and 3.3% in non-bearing 1-year-old trees, non-bearing 2-year-old trees and 3.3 fruit-bearing 3-year-old trees. The optimum SPAD readings were 40 in 2-year-old trees and 42 in 3-year-old trees. Stable N compounds (TN and chlorophyll SPAD) could be used to N diagnosis in the zone of N deficiency, and soluble N compounds (NH₄–N and NO₃–N) to diagnoses N excess.     

Polygalacturonase and β-galactosidase activities in Hayward kiwifruit as affected by light exposure,maturity stage and storage time

Softening process and total antioxidant activity were evaluated in kiwifruit differently exposed to light intensity and harvested at two different times (October 10 and November 14). Fruit was stored for 2 months at 0 °C (S1) and then maintained for a week at ambient temperature (S2). The results showed that fruit harvested later presented a faster softening rate during storage than fruit harvested earlier, even if antioxidant activity did not change. Light-exposed fruit showed higher flesh firmness than that of shaded ones. Polygalacturonase activity was higher in kiwifruit maintained for a week at ambient temperature after cool storage and, in particular the highest value was recorded in fruit harvested later. The behaviour of β-galactosidase was different: it did not show changes in fruit harvested later and significantly decreased in light- and shade-exposed fruit harvested earlier.     

不同类型甜菜品种根中Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性和产质量的关系

测定不同类型甜菜品种各生育时期根中Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性、可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白含量和产量、含糖率。结果表明,在幼苗期和叶丛繁茂期,Mg^2＋-ATP活性呈先上升后下降趋势,从块根增长期直至糖分积累期,Mg^2＋-ATP酶的活性逐渐增强,并保持在全生育期最高水平。不同类型品种间存在差异,在各生育时期高糖型品种Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性较强。根中Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性与根中可溶性总糖呈正相关,与甜菜根的成熟进程正相关;Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性与可溶性蛋白质舍量呈负相关,对可溶性糖的积累方面,二者的作用刚好相反。高糖型品种的可溶性总糖含量较高．相应的根中蛋白质含量很低。Mg^2＋-ATP酶活性较高．     

Effects of hysteresis on redistribution of soil moisture and deep percolation at continuous and pulse drip irrigation

The infiltration and redistribution of soil moisture under surface drip irrigation considering hysteresis were investigated in two soils (loamy sand and silt loam) of different texture. The effect of continuous versus intermittent application of 1, 2 and 4 l/h to the soils was evaluated in terms of wetting front advance patterns and deep percolation under the root zone. For this purpose, a cylindrical flow model incorporating hysteresis in the soil water retention characteristic curve, evaporation from the soil surface, and water extraction by roots was used. The results show that, compared with continuous irrigation, pulse irrigation slightly reduces the water losses under the root zone in both cases (with and without hysteresis). Also, at the total simulation time, in both types of irrigation, hysteresis reduces significantly the water losses under the root zone. Finally, the effect of hysteresis was found to be greater at higher discharge rate (4 l/h) and consequently at higher water content at the soil surface.     

砷胁迫下磷用量对不同磷效率水稻苗生长、磷和砷吸收的影响

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两种籽粒镉含量不同水稻的镉吸收转运及其生理效应差异初探

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橡胶园土壤全氮和速效钾养分合理取样位置研究

通过地统计学方法分析了土壤全氮和速效钾空间变异特征,并对其合理取样位置进行探讨,绘制了兼顾土壤全氮和速效钾综合养分的合理取样位置空间分布图.结果表明:橡胶园土壤全氮和速效钾综合养分合理取样位置主要受土壤速效钾含量分布决定;在空间分布上,综合养分的合理取样位置主要位于远离施肥穴的橡胶树行间萌生带和中间树头附近区域.此结果为南方长期经济作物土壤样品取样位置的确定提供一种新的尝试.