土壤含水率对浅层滑坡体不同层次土壤抗剪强度的影响

采用5种土壤质量含水率(0.05,0.08,0.10,0.12,0.15)水平,进行浅层滑坡体不同层次土壤在不同含水率条件下的不固结不排水剪切试验.试验表明,浅层滑坡体不同层次土壤抗剪强度与土壤含水率密切相关.土壤含水率对浅层滑坡体A层、B层和C层土壤抗剪强度指标的影响呈现出相同的规律.A层、B层和C层土壤黏聚力均随着土壤含水率的增加基本呈先增大后减小的趋势,在土壤含水率为0.10左右时土壤黏聚力达到其最大值,在相同土壤含水率条件下,土壤黏聚力的分布规律为C层>B层>A层.A层、B层和C层土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加近似呈线性减小,在相同土壤含水率条件下.土壤内摩擦角的分布规律为C层>B层>A层,但就随土壤含水率的增加,土壤内摩擦角减小的速率而言,呈现出B层>A层>C层的规律.消除和减轻地表水的危害是我国西南丘陵山地滑坡灾害防治的重要环节.     

水盐胁迫对沙枣幼苗叶绿素荧光参数和色素含量的影响

在不同水分和盐分胁迫条件下测定2个种源沙枣的叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm和Fv/F0的变化。结果表明:随着胁迫的增加,2个种源的沙枣叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm和Fv/F0都表现出先增加后降低的趋势;在水分梯度为50%~55%和盐分梯度为0.1 mol/L时2个种源的叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm和Fv/F0值分别达到最大值;随胁迫时间增加,水分胁迫下包头种源叶绿素含量下降幅度比赤峰种源高出29.28%,而Fv/Fm值和Fv/F0值最大改变量分别为赤峰种源的1.25倍和6.62倍;盐分胁迫下包头种源沙枣的叶绿素含量下降幅度比赤峰种源高出25.26%,而Fv/Fm值和Fv/F0值最大改变量分别为赤峰种源的2.38倍和3.05倍。这说明水分和盐分胁迫对包头种源沙枣的叶绿素含量及其荧光参数的影响高于对赤峰种源的影响。     

低磷胁迫对玉米叶片色素和形态的影响

通过大田试验,以4个基因型玉米为材料,研究了低磷胁迫下玉米叶片色素和形态变化及其内部生理机制.结果表明,低磷条件下,玉米叶片叶绿素/类胡萝卜素、叶绿素/紫色素和叶绿素/红色素均减少,其中基因型"7922"和"掖107"的叶绿素/类胡萝卜素、叶绿素/紫色素和叶绿素,红色素减少幅度较大,为高磷条件下的0.4～0.8倍,且减少幅度高于"178"和"*082".低磷条件下,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性和总黄酮含量均增加,其中基因型"7922"和"掖107"为高磷条件下的1.5～2.0倍,增加幅度高于基因型"178"和"*082"."7922"和"掖107"的叶宽和鲜重在两个供磷水平下差异显著,"掖107"的叶片主叶脉直径和总叶片数差异显著.低磷土壤条件下玉米叶宽和主叶脉直径变小,鲜重和总叶片数减少.不同基因型玉米叶片色素和形态变化差异显著.初步推测,"7922"和"掖107"不耐低磷, "178"和"*082"较耐低磷.     

Epidemiology of beet necrotic yellow vein virus in sugar beet at different initial inoculum levels in the presence or absence of irrigation

A field experiment was set up in 1988 to study the development of rhizomania disease of sugar beet at different inoculum levels of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in soil. Five, tenfold different, inoculum levels were created by addition of the approximate amounts of 0, 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 kg infested soil per ha (the latter corresponding to 0.01% v/v calculated to the tillage layer). A drip irrigation treatment was applied to study the influence of soil moisture on disease. Susceptible sugar beet, cv. Regina, was grown for three consecutive years.In the first year, root symptoms were not observed, but BNYVV-infected plants were detected by ELISA in low numbers at all inoculum levels at harvest. After late drilling in 1989, high numbers of infected plants, up to 90–100% in plots with the highest inoculum level, were detected already in June. Root symptoms were also observed from June onwards. In both these years disease incidence increased in time and was significantly influenced by the initial inoculum level. In the third year, the whole field was heavily diseased, and only for the non-irrigated plots incidence differed for different initial inoculum levels. The expression of symptoms by BNYVV-infected plants was influenced by initial inoculum level, thus by the amount and timing of primary infection.Root weight at harvest was not affected, but sugar content decreased with increasing inoculum level already in 1988, leading to a reduction in sugar yield of 10% at the highest inoculum level. In 1989, both root weight and sugar content decreased progressively with increasing inoculum level, resulting in sugar yield reductions of 11–66% (down to approximately 3000 kg ha^–1) for low to high inoculum levels compared to the control. As the control plots became contaminated, all yields were low in 1990, still showing a decrease with increasing inoculum level in the non-irrigated plots, but an overall mean sugar yield of 3323 kg ha^–1 for the irrigated ones.Sodium and -amino nitrogen content of the root, additional quality parameters determining extractability of sucrose, showed an increase and decrease, respectively, with increasing initial inoculum level already in the first year. The relative differences in contents compared to those from the control were largest for Na content. A significant negative correlation was found between Na (mmol kg^–1 root) and sugar content (% of fresh weight); linear for 1988, exponential for 1989 and 1990.In spring 1989, the infestation of individual plots was assessed using a quantitative bioassay estimating most probable numbers (MPNs) of infective units of BNYVV per 100 g dry soil. The relationship between the MPns determined and root weight, sugar content and sugar yield at harvest could be described by Gompertz curves. The increase in disease incidence with increasing MPN in 1989 was adequately fitted with a logistic equation.     

采煤塌陷裂缝对降雨后坡面土壤水分的影响

为探究采煤塌陷裂缝对坡面储蓄降水的影响,本文对降雨后不同坡向上裂缝两侧的不同土层水分动态变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:降雨主要补充坡面地表0~20 cm土层土壤水分,且在雨后0~20 cm土层土壤水分散失也较为严重;雨后阴坡土壤含水率最高,0~10cm、10~20cm和20~40 cm土层土壤水分差异显著(p0.05)。降雨结束8 d后,裂缝附近的土壤水分变化幅度较大,尤以坡面裂缝上部边缘处最为明显,裂缝处与远离裂缝的土壤水分之间差异显著(p0.05);阳坡土壤水分损失最高,阳坡裂缝周边土壤水分平均损失量高达3.31%。可见,裂缝的出现会在一定程度上打破坡面储蓄降水的格局,加剧坡面局部土壤水分散失,这一点在植被恢复与建设过程中不容忽视。     

天然生胶杂质含量测量结果不确定度评定

根据GB/T 8086—2008规定的测定方法,分析了测定过程中的随机效应与系统效应,计算这两种效应对测定过程导致的不确定度和,最终对本方法所产生的不确定度给予综合评定。     

我国环境统计与总量控制概述

环境统计是我国各级环保部门的重要职能之一,是环境管理的基础工作;总量控制是现代环境保护和管理的重要制度;两者的实施,对我国的现代化建设和可持续发展具有重大意义。就我国环境统计与总量控制的发展历程、存在的问题、研究方法和技术体系及两者之间的关系进行了综述,并对这两项制度目前存在的问题提出对策。     

Soil texture affects the conversion factor of electrical conductivity from 1:5 soil-water to saturated paste extracts

Electrical conductivity(EC) of soil-water extracts is commonly used to assess soil salinity. However, its conversion to the EC of saturated soil paste extracts(ECe), the standard measure of soil salinity, is currently required for practical applications. Although many regression models can be used to obtain ECe from the EC of soil-water extracts, the application of a site-specific model to different sites is not straightforward due to confounding soil factors such as soil texture. This study was...     

Estimating cation exchange capacity using soil textural data and soil organic matter content: A case study for the south of Iran

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is an important soil property that is used as an input data in soil and environmental models. Although CEC can be measured directly, its measurement is expensive and time-consuming, therefore pedotransfer functions can be used for estimating it from more readily available soil data. As CEC is highly dependent on soil texture, it may be successfully estimated from the soil textural data. In this study, 20 soils were selected from Fars province, in the south of Iran, and the values of CEC, soil organic matter content, and soil particle size distribution curve of each soil were measured and the geometric mean particle-size diameter (d _g ), and the summation of the number of spherical particles for whole parts of the soil particle-size distribution (N) were determined for each soil. Then, five multiple linear regressions were derived between CEC and mentioned soil properties. The results showed that more applicable equation for the study area was based on the percentages of clay, sand and soil organic matter content.