RNA干扰对烟草NtPPO8基因沉默的效应分析

多酚氧化酶（PPO）是发生酶促褐变的关键酶,PPO活性过高会使烟叶变褐。为明确烟草NtPPO8基因对PPO活性的影响,建立降低NtPPO8基因表达量的病毒诱导的基因沉默（virus induced gene silencing,VIGS）体系,探究使用RNA干扰技术对烟叶NtPPO8基因表达量及PPO活性的影响。以中烟100和K326为材料,分析在移栽后50d进行VIGS载体侵染的植株,并在侵染后10、20、30、40d分别测定NtPPO8基因表达量及PPO活性。结果表明,接种VIGS载体的转化植株,其中在侵染后20d时NtPPO8基因的沉默效率最高,为78.46%;随着侵染时间推移,NtPPO8基因的沉默效率逐渐降低,在接种后40d内有效表达;且转化植株中的病毒载体会随着植株的生长而向上传导,随着接种部位的上移,沉默效率逐渐降低。因此,研究建立VIGS体系能够有效沉默NtPPO8基因的表达,并且有效降低PPO活性,为提高烟叶耐烤性及降低烟叶褐变比例提供了新的思路和方法。     

我国不同生态烟区烤烟的部分化学成分和多酚类物质含量的比较

对我国5个主要烟区的3个等级烟叶标样的多酚类物质和主要化学成分进行了系统的比较和评价。结果表明:云南和贵州两地多酚含量较高,烟碱含量中等,总糖、还原糖的含量相对较高。安徽烟区烟碱含量略高。辽宁和安徽烟叶的多酚、总糖和还原糖含量普遍较低。辽宁、安徽烟区烟叶糖碱比较低,烟叶协调性不够;云南和贵州烟区的各部位烟叶协调性普遍较好。     

水杨酸对烟草抗黄瓜花叶病毒的诱导效应

通过外源水杨酸（Salicylic acid,SA）处理烟苗,研究了水杨酸处理的烟草接种黄瓜花叶病毒后,其病情指数及抗病相关酶活性和H2O2含量的变化。结果表明：接种CMV后21d,SA处理烟株的病情指数显著低于对照;SA预处理的烟株在接种CMV前后叶片内的过氧化物酶（POD）活性和过氧化氢（H2O2）含量提高,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性下降。表明水杨酸具有诱导烟草抗黄瓜花叶病毒的效应。     

沙棘叶生理年龄与源库功能转化的关系

沙棘是喜光植物,属阳生叶。群体叶片,5月份生长速率慢,6月份加快,7月份最快,8月份开始减缓。一个枝条上新叶数占28.6%,成熟叶数76.7%,老叶数23.3%。自枝条顶端向下不同叶位叶之间存在着生理年龄上的差异,也存在着表观光合效率上的差异。叶序5～13为幼叶;15～31是成熟叶;33叶以为老叶。幼叶叶绿素含量较低,成熟叶含量最高,老叶又明显下降。气孔导度,也具有幼叶张开度小,成熟叶张开度最大,老叶张开度又变小。沙棘叶气孔CO2浓度也具有个体和生理年龄上的差异。     

计算机测定茶树叶片受害面积及其受害面积百分率的方法研究

建立了通过对茶树叶片进行扫描,利用Photoshop软件同时获得多张叶片及其受害部位的像素值,从而快速计算茶树叶片受害面积以及受害面积百分率的测定方法,并对此方法进行了系统的研究,结果表明：扫描分辨率为150dpi时,扫描时间和存储占用空间较优,测定效果和高分辨率扫描效果基本一致,该方法测定结果与人工测定结果无显著差异,其效率远远高于人工测定。     

穴盘苗吹叶补苗机构设计与试验

针对叶片遮挡穴盘苗空穴机械补苗作业时存在损伤待补空穴周围穴盘苗叶片的问题,该研究提出一种使用射流气管吹开遮挡叶片进行机械补苗的吹叶补苗方法。作业时,射流气管内通高压气流,由待补空穴底端渗水孔向上移动,吹开遮挡叶片,到达穴盘苗叶片顶部后,补苗机械手夹持待补苗使基质块底部靠近射流气管顶端,并与射流气管同步下移完成补苗作业。吹叶机构射流气管内径5 mm,顶端封闭,靠近顶端的水平截面均布开设8个直径1.2 mm的射流孔。搭建由吹叶机构与挂接于Denso机械手臂的补苗机械手组成的试验装置,对72穴穴盘培育的红掌、白掌、芥蓝、菜心、白菜和生菜6种不同叶片遮挡程度的穴盘苗进行单穴吹叶补苗性能试验。结果表明,吹叶机构与补苗机械手协同作业的补苗成功率与穴盘苗初始叶片遮挡率（穴盘待补空穴被相邻穴盘苗叶片遮挡的面积与穴孔面积的比值）、遮挡叶片倾角和射流气管压力有关。在射流气管射流孔数为8,射流孔直径1.2 mm条件下,射流气管压力为0.28 MPa时,初始叶片遮挡率59.4%的红掌穴盘苗的补苗成功率可达92%;射流气管压力为0.22 MPa时,初始叶片遮挡率56.2%的白掌穴盘苗的补苗成功率可达94%;射流气管压力为0.22～0.31 MPa时,初始叶片遮挡率35.4%的芥蓝穴盘苗的补苗成功率均可达90%;射流气管压力为0.16～0.31 MPa时,初始叶片遮挡率29.7%～35.8%的菜心、白菜和生菜穴盘苗的补苗成功率均可达90%。研究结果可为叶片遮挡穴盘苗空穴的机械补苗设备开发提供技术参考。     

Mineral composition of tobacco leaf samples part I: As affected by soil fertility,variety, and leaf position

Abstract

Three tobacco varieties were grown under four soil fertility conditions. Leaf samples were taken at bloom stage from upper and lower positions and analyzed for eleven elements. Results show how leaf position and variety affect leaf mineral composition with variable soil conditions. Therefore, variety and leaf position should be clearly defined before leaf nutrient levels can have a suitable degree of diagnostic value. However, variety differences were of less importance because nutrient concentration differences were generally related to appropriate changes in yield measurements.     

Carrot root size distribution in response to biostimulant application

In 2009–2011, in Poland (53°13′N, 17°51′E), field experiments were conducted concerning the influence of biostimulants Kelpak SL and Asahi SL on the size grades of yield of carrot cv. ‘Karotan’. Kelpak SL is produced from seaweed Ecklonia maxima; Asahi SL is composed of nitrophenols. Biostimulants were sprayed from fourth-leaf stage of carrot, once, twice or three times in growing period. Seaweed extract was used at total doses of: 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7?l?ha^?1, while Asahi SL at 1?l?ha^?1. It was found that biostimulants had a favourable effect on total and commercial root yield, but this effect was dependent on the type of preparation, the dose, the time and the number of treatments. The best results in increasing the commercial yield were achieved after a single application of Kelpak SL at doses 2 or 3?l?ha^?1 at the fourth-leaf stage (13.1% and 12.4% respectively, compared to the control). Both biostimulants Kelpak SL and Asahi SL positively affected the root size distribution by increasing the yield of medium roots (1.9–3.8?cm in diameter) as well as large roots (3.8–5.0?cm), by 30.5% and 15.8%, respectively.     

A reciprocal F1 monosomic analysis of the genetic control of time of ear emergence,number of leaves and number of spikelets in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary A reciprocal F₁ monosomic analysis of chromosomal differences between Spica and Bersée was carried out under controlled environment conditions. Chromosomes associated with differences in days to ear emergence, number of leaves and number of spikelets were identified. The results indicated that chromosome 2B of Spica carries a photoperiod insensitivity allele at the Ppd ₂ locus. Both Spica and Bersée appear to have a vernalization insensitity allele at the Vrn ₂ locus on chromosome 5B. On chromosome 3A, 4B, 4D and 6B factors were found with major effects on earliness per se, diffeences in ear emergence and number of spikelets which were independent of photoperiod and vernalization. The possibility that these factors influence growth rate is discussed.     

基于近红外高光谱图像的黄瓜叶片色素含量快速检测

利用高光谱图像技术和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)快速检测了新鲜黄瓜叶中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素4种色素含量。采集了120片黄瓜叶的近红外高光谱图像数据以及用HPLC精确测定黄瓜叶中色素含量;提取高光谱图像中50×50像素感兴趣区域(ROI)的平均光谱与4种色素含量分别建立偏最小二乘(PLS)预测模型;为了提高模型的稳定性和预测精度,分别采用区间偏最小二乘(iPLS)、向后区间偏最小二乘(BiPLS)和联合区间偏最小二乘(SiPLS)对各种色素对应的特征波段进行优选,同时对光谱划分数进行了优化。结果表明BiPLS和SiPLS对应模型的预测效果较好,对叶绿素a、叶绿素b、β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素4种色素的预测集相关系数RP分别为0.825 7、0.813 4、0.811 6、0.826 2。