Forecasting Infections of the Leaf Curl Disease on Peaches Caused by Taphrina deformans

An Israeli model forecasting leaf curl disease on peaches caused by Taphrina deformans was validated in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, during a three-year period (1996–1998), in 13 cases (year × location × cultivar). When the peach trees are susceptible to infection, the model uses mathematical functions to calculate the risk of infection on the basis of weather conditions (daily rainfall greater than 10mm, and maximum air temperature greater than 5°C), and it forecasts periods of possible symptom appearance based on the length of incubation. Peach trees became susceptible to infection between the end of January and mid March, when the first leaf buds attained phenological stage C, i.e. appearance of leaf apex. The trees remained susceptible for at least 9 weeks: the last infection occurred in mid-May.Since most of the leaf curl onsets observed in the orchards fell within the range of model forecasts, the model proved to be accurate in signalling both the first seasonal infection and repeated infections during the primary inoculum season. Few errors occurred, caused either by conditions of rainfall and temperature lower than the thresholds fixed in the model, or by discrepancies between forecast and actual length of incubation. Infection occurred also at 3.1–3.5°C, and with 9.6mm rainfall. Thus, thresholds should not be accepted too rigorously, and perhaps temperature should not be considered as a limiting factor for infection under the conditions of the present work. The length of incubation showed high variability: it was 23 days long on average, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 20 to 27 days, and extreme values of 9 and 33 days.     

一株无血凝性兔出血症病毒的分离鉴定及其衣壳蛋白VP60基因的克隆和序列分析

从临床病料中分离鉴定出1株无血凝性的致病性兔出血症病毒（RHDV），命名为Yaan-1。HA试验测得该毒株原代及经兔体传3代后的肝毒在25℃、37℃和4℃时均无血凝性；但在琼脂扩散试验和对流免疫电泳中均可见分离株与常规RHDV高免血清形成清晰的沉淀线；电镜观察可见30nm左右的病毒粒子。采用RT-PCR方法将Yaan-1株的衣壳蛋白VP60基因进行了克隆测序，序列分析表明VP60基因序列全长1740bp，编码579个氨基酸，测序结果提交GenBank（注册号为DQ069280），并与世界各国的常规RHDV分离株进行比较，结果表明核苷酸同源性为90．0％～98．0％，氨基酸同源性为94．1％～99．0％，氨基酸变异多发生在衣壳蛋白C、E区；同时对Yaan-1株的分子量、等电点、疏水性、跨膜区等分子结构特征进行了分析。本研究首次报道了无血凝性RHDV中国分离株，丰富了地方毒株资源，为明确我国地方株的分子流行病学，以及对VP60蛋白分子特征研究提供了新材料。     

表达新城疫病毒融合蛋白基因禽痘病毒重组体的构建

通过RT-PCR扩增新城疫病毒F基因,利用禽痘病毒复合启动子、SV40 PolyA终止信号序列构建F基因表达盒。将F基因表达盒与loxp-GFP-loxP序列串联插入禽痘病毒重组臂,构建了禽痘病毒转移质粒载体。在脂质体介导下转染CEF,获得了带有绿色荧光信号的重组病毒rFPVFGFP。通过二次转染,利用Cre-loxP位点特异性重组将重组病毒基因组的GFP自动去除,结果获得了只含新城疫病毒F基因表达盒的重组禽痘病毒rFPVF。试验结果表明,rFPVF复制稳定,表达的F蛋白具有免疫原性,能够刺激鸡只产生抗新城疫病毒的中和抗体。     

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOOT IN HORSES WITH PALMAR FOOT PAIN AND CONTROL HORSES

Palmar foot pain is a common cause of lameness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to detect damage in all tissues of the equine foot, but an understanding of the differences in magnetic resonance (MR) images between feet from horses with and without palmar foot pain is required. This study aimed to describe MR findings in feet from horses with no history of foot-related lameness, and to compare these with MR findings in horses with lameness improved by palmar digital local analgesia. Thirty-four limbs from horses euthanized with a clinical diagnosis of navicular syndrome (ameness >2 months duration, positive response to palmar digital nerve blocks and absence of other forelimb problems) (Group L), and 25 feet from age-matched horses with no history of foot pain (Group N) were examined. For each anatomic structure, MR signal intensity and homogeneity, size, definition of margins, and relationships with other structures were described. Alterations in MR signal intensity and homogeneity were graded as mild, moderate, or severe and compared between Groups L and N. Results revealed that there were significant differences in MR images between Groups N and L. Multiple moderate-severe MR signal changes were present in 91% of limbs from Group L and moderate (none were graded severe) in 27% of limbs from Group N. In most Group L limbs, more than three structures and frequently six to eight structures were abnormal. Concomitant abnormalities involved most frequently the deep digital flexor tendon, distal sesamoidean impar ligament, navicular bone, collateral sesamoidean ligament, and navicular bursa (with significant associations in severity grade between these structures), sometimes with involvement of the distal interphalangeal joint and/or its collateral ligaments. It was concluded that findings on MR images were different between horses with and without foot pain, and that pain localized to the foot was associated with MR changes in a variety of structures, indicating that damage to several structures may occur concurrently and that MR imaging was useful for evaluation of foot pain.     

鸡IFN-γ重组鸡痘病毒对鸡传染性腔上囊炎MB43弱毒疫苗免疫鸡免疫应答的影响

将重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV—IFN-γ）与IBDMB43弱毒疫苗联合接种SPF鸡，研究重组鸡IFN-γ对IBD疫苗免疫效果的影响。结果显示，rFPV—IFN-γ和MB43弱毒疫苗联合免疫组（MB43＋rFPV-IFN-）＂）及rlFN-γ和MB43弱毒疫苗联合免疫组（MB43＋rIFN-γ）在免疫后第2周即可检出ELISA抗体，比MB43疫苗单独免疫组早1周。用IBDVGx株攻击后，MB43＋rFPV-IFN-γ组和MB43＋rIFN-γ组免疫鸡的脾只有个别淋巴细胞核浓缩、核崩解，少数滤泡萎缩变性坏死；胸腺损伤程度轻于MB43疫苗单独免疫组和非免疫对照组。免疫后1周，3个免疫组外周血CD8^＋T淋巴细胞含量均显著高于非免疫对照组，CD4^＋T淋巴细胞含量变化不明显；攻毒后第2周，3个疫苗免疫组CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞含量均显著升高，各组之间CD4^＋、CD8^＋T淋巴细胞含量无明显差异。证实，rFPV—IFN-γ和rIFN-γ可加强疫苗的细胞免疫和体液免疫应答。     

霍乱弧菌封闭带毒素功能片段△G的原核表达及其免疫增强活性

用PCR扩增了MBP—ZOT质粒上的ZOT基因，该基因编码264～399位氨基酸残基C末端的15ku △G片段，并与经改造后的质粒P^BCX、连接。将重组后的质粒PMLAG在大肠杆菌BL21中表达，将表达的目的蛋白纯化，再将p^BCX-△G片段与传染性腔上囊炎病毒VP2包涵体蛋白通过滴鼻免疫途径对14日龄SPF鸡进行联合免疫试验，分别于免疫后第10、20d采集血清样品，进行ELISA试验，检测免疫后IBD抗体效价。动物免疫试验发现：融合蛋白P^BCX △G起到了明显免疫增强效果，与VP2重组蛋白联合免疫2次后，血清IBD的VP2 IgG抗体效价是单独用VP2免疫组的3倍，明显高于空白免疫组。     

口蹄疫病毒整联蛋白受体的研究进展

从组织分布、各毒株利用率、配体结合区介导感染的能力及β亚基胞质区作用等方面论述了4种整联蛋白αvβ1、αvβ3、αvβ6和αvβ8的研究进展，旨在阐明各整联蛋白决定口蹄疫病毒宿主组织嗜性的作用，并为口蹄疫病毒致病机制的研究提供理论依据。     

Study on the association of BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles with clinical mastitis in Norwegian Red cows

Genotyping of bovine leucocyte antigen DRB3.2 (BoLA-DRB3.2) in a total of 523 Norwegian Red (NR) cows from two groups selected for high protein yield and low clinical mastitis, respectively, identified 27 previously reported BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles across the groups. Significant differences in BoLA-DRB3.2 allele frequencies were found between the selection groups. Alleles *13, *18, *22 and *27 had a significantly higher frequency in cows selected for low clinical mastitis, while alleles *3, *9, *11 and *26 had a higher frequency in cows selected for high protein yield. Associations between BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles and clinical mastitis were analysed based on mastitis data from 741,072 first-lactation NR cows, of which 452 were genotyped. Alleles *22 and *26 were found to be associated with increased clinical mastitis, while alleles *7, *11, *18 and *24 had a favourable effect on mastitis resistance. Contradictory results from different studies investigating associations between BoLA-DRB3.2 alleles and mastitis indicate that future studies should focus on associations of mastitis with BoLA haplotypes rather than with single BoLA genes.     

牛红细胞生成性卟啉症的研究进展

EPP是一种常染色体隐性遗传缺陷病。由亚铁螯合酶基因缺陷导致编码酶的活性降低引起,该酶活性不足时使动物体内血红素含量降低和卟啉及其前体过度增加。文章就牛、人EPP的主要症状、检测方法、亚铁螯合酶及其基因的研究进展进行较为详细的论述。     

缓释复方免疫增强剂对鸡新城疫疫苗免疫增强效果研究

将40只10日龄海兰褐蛋雏鸡，随机分成试验组和对照组，每组20只，分别皮下注射ND-La Sota弱毒疫苗0．2ml／只。同时给试验组雏鸡投服缓释复方免疫增强剂1粒／只，对照组不投服。在免疫前、免疫后10、20、30和40d，每组随机取10只鸡采血，测定ND-HI抗体效价、T淋巴细胞ERFC形成率和ANAE阳性率。结果免疫后10、20、30、40d，试验组与对照组比较，鸡ND-HI抗体效价、T淋巴细胞ERFC形成率和ANAE阳性率差异极显著（P〈0．01）或显著（P〈0．05），三项指标具有相同的消涨趋势，表明缓释复方免疫增强剂可以提高鸡的体液免疫功能和细胞免疫功能。