Canopy temperature based system effectively schedules and controls center pivot irrigation of cotton

Cotton is a perennial plant with an indeterminate growth pattern that is typically produced like an annual, but requires proper management to effectively produce high yields and good fiber quality in a thermally limited environment like the northern Texas High Plains. In 2007 and 2008, we investigated the effect of irrigation scheduling/control method and amount on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and water use efficiency. Methods were automatic irrigation scheduling and control of a center pivot system, and manually scheduled irrigation to replenish soil-water to field capacity. Cotton was irrigated with LEPA (low energy, precision application) drag socks in furrow dikes; three blocks were irrigated manually and three were irrigated automatically. Six replicates of the manual and automatic irrigation treatments were included in the randomized block design. Manual irrigations were based on the weekly replenishment of soil-water to field capacity in the top 1.5 m of the soil profile and included a fully irrigated treatment (I₁₀₀), and treatments receiving 67% (I₆₇) and 33% (I₃₃) of the I₁₀₀ amount, plus a non-irrigated treatment (I₀). Automatic irrigations were triggered using a time temperature threshold (TTT) algorithm, which was designated as the I₁₀₀ treatment, and treatments receiving 67%, 33%, and 0% of that amount (I₆₇, I₃₃ and I₀, respectively). In 2007, overall mean lint yields (102.3 and 101.6 g m⁻², manual and automatic, respectively) were not significantly different. Similarly, yields were not significantly different across automatic and manual treatments in the same treatment level, with the exception of the I₆₇ treatment where the manual treatment yields were 11% greater. In 2008, the mean yields were 70% less than those in 2007 for both methods of irrigation (30.3 and 30.9 g m⁻², manual and automatic, respectively) due to harsh climatic conditions at emergence and heavy rainfall and cooler temperatures in the month of August. Yields from the automatically irrigated plots in the I₁₀₀ and I₆₇ treatments, however, were significantly greater than yields from the corresponding manually irrigated plots; though there was no significant difference between yields in the drier treatments (I₃₃ and I₀) plots. These results indicate that the TTT algorithm is a promising method for auto-irrigation scheduling of short season cotton in an arid region. However, further studies are essential to demonstrate consistent positive outcomes.     

数字时代定题服务的实践与探讨

分析了数字时代定题服务的特点。结合实际工作,探讨了做好图书馆定题服务的要求,并提出开展定题服务工作的设想。     

基于时间序列分析并预测三峡库区局地环境温度的变化

利用湖北秭归三峡库首典型区的气象监测资料,采用时间序列分析和自回归积分滑动平均模型（ARIAM）方法,对三峡库区2001-2015年局地环境温度变化进行趋势和预测分析,以探讨三峡工程蓄水对库区局地气候环境变化的影响。结果表明,研究区域局地气温和地温的时间序列为季节性非平稳时间序列,年际月平均气温峰值在7月（29.0℃）,低谷在1月（6.0℃）;研究期内局地平均气温在2003年降至17.8℃,2007年稳定升至18.3℃;2011年持续降至的17.1℃,之后稳定升至2013年的17.9℃。平均地温在2005年升至21.2℃,2008年持续降至19.4℃,后期在2013年稳定升至20.1℃。分析结果显示,在2003年蓄水前后三峡库首典型区局地环境温度呈现一定程度年际波动,但不存在显著单一的变化趋势,说明在研究期15a内三峡工程蓄水对研究区域的局地环境温度未产生显著影响。用ARIMA模型获得了气温和地温的最佳预测模型,2015年预测值与监测值的符合程度良好,可进一步利用该地区长期监测数据对模型进行优化和应用。     

基于去趋势分析的中国温带旱柳开花始期对气候变暖的响应

为了更准确地揭示植物在物候水平上对气温变化的响应与适应机制,在去气温和物候时间序列趋势的基础上,建立日尺度的气温?物候回归模型,分析中国温带地区40个站点1986-2011年旱柳开花始期对气温变化的响应与适应机理。结果表明：中国温带地区77.5%的站点旱柳开花始期呈提前趋势,相应的敏感时段春季气温则呈上升趋势（0.8±0.5℃·10a-1）。其中,75%的站点物候期或气温时间序列存在显著变化趋势。进行去趋势处理后,17.5%的站点相关性发生变化,去趋势前其相关性较低,去趋势后,表现为显著负相关;模拟的均方根误差（RMSE）从去趋势前的5.5d降至去趋势后的4.9d,说明去趋势方法能提高气温-物候响应关系诊断的精确度。基于去时间序列线性趋势的气温－物候回归模型,得到92.5%的站点旱柳开花期与敏感时段春季气温呈显著负相关关系,即随着气温的升高,旱柳开花期呈提前趋势,其线性响应速率为-2.5±2.1d·℃-1。     

河南省典型土系的特定土层特征与分类研究

根据土壤发生学理论,在土壤景观相似的土壤中(如相同母质、相似气候、相同地形以及相似的植物类型和动物活动),土壤的属性具有相似性;然而由于地理环境中复杂的成土因素的影响,土壤绝无完全相同的土壤个体。在划分土壤地理发生分类基层单元土种和系统分类基层单元土系时,特定土层被用于反映土体构型差异。但特定土层类型多样,目前尚处于模糊状态,随着土系划分研究的深入,有必要对其进行分门别类与归纳整理。本文以河南省典型土系为例,梳理和总结了土系划分时涉及的主要特定土层,从特定土层形成根源上将其分为现代成土环境下土壤发生过程形成的、地质成因或地质时期土壤环境下发育形成的和人类活动产生的三个类型,并提出了基于土系概念的特定土层分类与检索体系,旨在使特定土层的概念更为系统、全面、开放,以便于使用。     

小米吸水特性及其与蒸煮时间的相关性

为了探索不同品种小米吸水率、吸水速率与蒸煮时间之间的关系,对7个谷子品种采用离心沥水法测定了1 h内不同时间的吸水率、吸水速率,采用直接蒸煮试验测定了米粒蒸煮开花时间,通过研究吸水率、吸水速率不同变化曲线、并将其与蒸煮时间进行相关分析及聚类分析。结果表明,7个品种小米0~2 min吸水率曲线急剧上升,2~60 min基本呈2种趋势上升,其中5个品种吸水率变化呈缓慢上升的S型曲线,其余2个品种吸水率变化趋于直线上升。小米2~20 min内的吸水率、吸水速率与蒸煮时间均呈极显著负相关关系,30 min后吸水率与蒸煮时间仍为负相关,而吸水速率与蒸煮时间为正相关。小米吸水特点为前期吸水快,后期吸水慢,每个品种小米2 min吸水率均是吸水率变化陡缓转变的拐点,2 min吸水速率均是吸水速率变化的高峰值,因此小米2 min的吸水率和吸水速率可作为其吸水的2个特征值;由于小米的吸水率与蒸煮时间呈极显著负相关关系,通常蒸煮时间短的类型蒸煮品质好,因此可以把谷子2 min的吸水率或吸水速率作为快速鉴定谷子优良蒸煮品质的方法,也可作为谷子品质育种中蒸煮品质的简单筛选方法。     

多效唑喷施浓度及时期对谷子性状及品质的影响

摘 要：为探明多效唑对谷子优质品种‘晋谷21号’的调控效果,提高‘晋谷21号’的抗逆性能,在3叶期、6叶期、9叶期三个时期,以0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6% 五个浓度作了喷施多效唑试验。结果表明：喷施多效唑后,对‘晋谷21号’谷子下部节间长度（1~9节）有明显的抑制作用,并减少节间数量,使株高明显降低;喷多效唑的最佳时期为谷子出苗后9叶期;喷施多效唑的最佳浓度为0.4%~0.5%;喷施多效唑后不会影响‘晋谷21号’的谷子产量和小米品质。     

Influence of allelic prolamin variation and localities on durum wheat quality

Thirty-seven varieties of a Mediterranean durum wheat collection grown in Tunisia and Spain were analysed for their allelic composition in prolamins, as well as their protein concentration, sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation (SDSS) test and mixograph parameters. Genotype was a greater source of variation in all measurements than locality. Uncommon high and low molecular glutenin subunits (HMW-GS and LMW-GS) were found (V and 2•• subunits at Glu-A1, 13 + 16 at Glu-B1, 5* subunit and ax allele at Glu-A3). The rare combinations 2 + 4+14 + 18 and 8 + 9+13 + 16+18 subunits at the Glu-B3 locus were found. Glu-A3ax had a positive influence on SDSS and mixograph parameters. Of all the prolamins, those that have the B-LMW-GS composition aaa (for Glu-A3, Glu-B3 and Glu-B2 loci, respectively), when associated with the Glu-A1c and Glu-B1d gave the best semolina quality. By contrast, semolina quality is poor when this same composition is associated with the Glu-A1c and Glu-B1e and even poorer when associated with the Glu-A1c and Glu-B1f. In addition, the cultivars with B-LMW-GS allelic composition aab (for Glu-A3, Glu-B3 and Glu-B2 loci, respectively), when associated with the Glu-A1c and Glu-B1d, gave high quality, whereas when associated with the Glu-A1c and Glu-B1e or with Glu-A1o and Glu-B1f, the quality was very poor.     

Do meadow birds profit from agri-environment schemes in Dutch agricultural landscapes?

Since 1992 the European Union helps member states to reverse the loss of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes by the financial support of agri-environment schemes. Long-term studies investigating the effects of these schemes are an essential prerequisite for the development of an effective policy to restore biodiversity on farmland. In Dutch meadow landscapes almost all agri-environment schemes focus on the restoration of meadow bird populations by postponement of the mowing date. Between 1990 and 2002 we measured long-term changes in meadow bird densities in areas with and without agri-environment schemes in the Netherlands, both before and after the start of the contract. During these years bird territories were surveyed during five field visits between 15 March and 15 June. Densities of black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), and redshank (Tringa totanus) were higher in the areas with management agreements, but these differences were already present before the start of the contracts. After the start of the management contracts densities of black-tailed godwit and oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) did not increase, while those of lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) and redshank even declined relative to the control areas. It is concluded that the current agri-environment schemes are not sufficient to restore meadow bird populations in Dutch agricultural landscapes. In addition to the prescribed postponement of the mowing date, it is probably necessary to raise groundwater levels and to reduce fertilization to allow for the development of an open vegetation structure that will increase chick survival to sufficiently high levels.     

笼养灰鹤越冬期行为活动的时间分配和活动节律

2003年11月～2004年2月,采用瞬时扫描取样法对哈尔滨动物园1对成年灰鹤的越冬行为进行观察,探讨冬季不同温度和不同天气条件下对灰鹤越冬行为的影响,并得出结论如下：笼养灰鹤越冬期行为时间分配比例依次为静栖26.92%、进食25.96%、瞭望18.74%、啄雪草13.32%、理羽6.66%、游走4.91%、呜叫2.48%、警戒1.07%和打斗0.34%;大雾时静栖、瞭望和进食行为与正常天气相似,最为突出的是游走行为明显增多,而啄雪草行为减少了近10%,从总体上看活动量比正常天气时增多。而在下雪时各行为所用时间都比较平均,和正常天气比差别都很大,只有瞭望所用时间相近。