步进式连续扁形茶整形机的设计与原理分析

本文针对我国现有扁形茶制茶机模仿手工作业、不能保证作业质量等存在的问题,以创新的设计理念,应用自动控制技术、机械化技术、步进运动技术和在线检测等技术,研究设计了具有自主知识产权的新型扁形茶制茶机,打破了传统的扁形茶制茶作业方式,提高了扁形茶的制茶作业生产率和作业质量,提高了扁形茶的制茶品质。     

一种较理想的量水建筑物——平坦V形堰

 平坦V形堰可以用在洪水期和枯水期测流。讨论其选址原则及参数设计,并提出了改进方案,将平坦V形堰中原测压孔改为测井,安装数字雨量计和光电数字水位计,实现自动测量。其中,平坦V形堰工程设计图,已用于工程施工。     

不同种植方式麦田生态效应研究

试验研究2个小麦品种“烟农19”和“95(6)161”不同种植方式麦田生态效应结果表明,垄作栽培可显著降低耕作层土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度,更适宜小麦根系生长。土壤呼吸强度垄作栽培20~40cm土层>平作栽培20~40cm土层>垄作栽培0~20cm土层和平作栽培0~20cm土层。相同灌水量垄作栽培渗入深层土壤中的水分显著高于平作,2个小麦品种垄作栽培水分利用效率分别为1·62kg/m3和1·56kg/m3,较传统平作栽培分别提高21·8%和16·4%。垄作栽培小麦群体内空气湿度较平作栽培降低3·5%~15·5%,同一品种不同种植方式群体透光率均为垄作栽培>平作栽培。且小麦籽粒光能利用率提高10·0%~13·2%,总干物质产量光能利用率提高10·3%~10·8%。     

冷库冰水混合间接换热器的传热与流动特性

北方地区冬季寒冷漫长,夏季炎热,冬季储冰夏季利用有利于节能减排。利用冰水混合间接换热系统进行冷量交换,不仅节能环保而且空气质量明显提高。采用有限体积法商业软件FLUENT,应用SIMPLE算法对翅片管式换热器平直翅片的换热与流动特性进行数值研究,计算结果与试验结果对比分析。结果表明:数值模拟与试验偏差不超过15%;迎面风速均匀分布情况下,随着迎面风速的增加,换热系数和压降分别增加了133%和428%;平均场协同角随迎面风速的增加而增大,速度场和温度场的协同程度变差,对换热不利;在相同的空气体积流量下,迎面风速沿冰水流动方向呈逐渐降低的分布方式对换热有利。     

Use of irradiated pollen as mentor pollen to induce self-fertilization of two self-incompatible Upper Amazon cacao clones

Summary Two self-incompatible Upper Amazon cacao clones, T85/799 and T79/501, were pollinated with compatible Amelonado pollen subjected to varying doses of gamma irradiation (10–100 Gy). The proportion of flat non-viable beans to fully formed, viable beans in the pods increased with an increase in dosage of gamma rays. At 60 Gy all the beans produced were flat and non-viable, beyond this dosage fruit set was zero. Pollinating the self-incompatible cacao clones with a 1 : 1 mixture of compatible mentor pollen irradiated at 60 Gy and normal self pollen produced a mixture of flat, non-viable beans and fully-formed viable beans. Similar experiments using irradiated pollen with a marker gene suggested that the fully-formed viable beans resulted from selfing. Increasing the proportion of the radiation-treated compatible pollen in the mixture increased the number of fully-formed beans. However, when compatible pollen which had been treated either at 80 Gy or with temperatures of 35° C, 40° C and 45° C for periods of five, ten and fifteen minutes in factorial combination were mixed with self pollen, no successful pollinations were achieved. Pollen viability tests indicated that, whilst pollen treated at 60 Gy were about 50% viable, those treated at either 80 Gy or with temperatures of 35–45° C were mostly not viable. This suggests that, to overcome the incompatibility in cacao, the tubes of the mentor pollen grains used should at least grow into the style. The possible causes for overcoming the self-incompatibility in cacao are discussed.     

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen cycling in Banzu intertidal sand-flat,Japan

The sediment-water exchange of nitrogen, nitrification, denitrification and sedimentary oxygen production were simultaneously measured in the Banzu intertidal sand-flat, Tokyo Bay, Japan. The exchange flux across the sediment-water interface showed a sink of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the light. However, in the dark, the intertidal sediment acted as a source. The diffusive flux obtained by the ammonium profile explained only 22% of the source flux directly measured in the dark, suggesting that bioturbation or excretion by macrofauna greatly contributed to the exchange flux. The total microphytobenthic uptake of DIN estimated from O2 productivity and the Redfield ratio was 573.4 ± 64.4 mol N m2 h-1, 31% (175.9 ± 64.4 mol N m-2 h-1) of which was assumed to be derived from the overlying water. The release rate of DIN from the sediment to the water column (1.1 mmol N m-2 day-1) was balanced with the removal rate of DIN from the water column by benthic microalgae on a diurnal basis. This result suggests that DIN was recycled within the sediment, and the microalgae on the sediment surface played a significant role in suppressing the release of mineralized DIN from the sediment. The measured denitrification rate using an acetylene inhibition technique was 99.6 ± 23.5 mol N m-2 h-1. Since the direct supply of nitrate or nitrite from the water column only accounted for 27% of the total denitrification at the highest estimate, nitrogenous oxide in the sediment pool was the major contributor to sedimentary denitrification.     

大豆"窄平密"耕法播种机的选型研究

大豆窄行、平播、密植栽培技术已从美国引进多年, 生产实践已证明该项技术是一项具有突破性的增产增收技术,目前还没有形成大面积推广的主要原因是缺少适合该技术的播种机.为此,在广泛调研的基础上,采用模糊综合评判法仅对适合大豆"窄平密"耕法的大型播种机进行了选型研究,其结果不仅为大豆"窄平密"耕法全程机械化选型配套提供了重要的理论依据,而且为国有农场和农村的连片种植推广大豆"窄平密"耕法提供了有利的保证.     

不同施肥处理对滨海盐碱地厚皮甜瓜生长的影响

[目的]研究在滨海盐碱土壤中,不同配比的基肥和追肥对厚皮甜瓜生育期、农艺性状、单果重和产量的影响。[方法]以厚皮甜瓜红扁F1为材料,施用4种不同配比的基肥以及4种不同配比的追肥进行对比试验。[结果]基肥增加氮肥处理增加了植物株高、节距、冠幅,增加钾肥处理增大茎粗;按N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶1∶1比例追肥处理下厚皮甜瓜开花、结果日期及采瓜日期均大幅提前;按N∶P2O5∶K2O=2∶1∶4的比例追肥处理单果重和小区产量均显著高于其他处理。[结论]在滨海盐碱地种植厚皮甜瓜,施用基肥有机肥15 000kg/hm2,普钙300 kg/hm2即可,不需添加尿素或钾肥;在伸蔓期和膨大期应适当追肥,N∶P2O5∶K2O按照2∶1∶4的比例施用有利于增加厚皮甜瓜产量。     

江苏滨海盐土碱化可能性的探讨 Ⅰ.自然脱盐过程中碱化可能性问题

本文通过对江苏省灌河口以南潮间带滨海盐土2个亚类9个剖面38个土层的研究指出:在地处湿润地区和含有石灰的滨海盐土自然脱盐过程中钠吸附比减小,从而土壤碱化度也降低;虽然重碳酸根含量和pH值有一定程度的增加,但因土壤中有石灰的存在,阻止着碳酸钠盐类的产生而不使土壤发生碱化。另外,笔者认为重碳酸根和pH值有所增加主要是由于自然脱盐过程中溶液中的钙离子有所减少所致。