拉萨灌丛草甸区土壤温度变化特征

土壤温度影响土壤发育与植被状况,是反映脆弱生态系统环境状况的基本参数。本文通过一年的实地观测,分析了拉萨典型灌丛草甸区土壤温度特征及其在海拔梯度与深度层次上的变化规律。结果表明:(1)0~30 cm深度范围,年内土壤日均温变化类似余弦曲线,平均值为2.94℃,年内有147 d土壤低于0℃;一天内土壤温度变化类似正弦曲线,日温差平均为2.80℃,夏季温差大,秋季温差小。(2)土壤年均温与海拔符合线性关系,土壤年均温随海拔的变率为-0.63℃(100 m-1),夏季土壤温度的海拔效应较其他季节明显;且海拔越高,土壤温度波动幅度越大。(3)土壤年均温与深度呈幂函数关系;随深度的增加,土壤温度变率降低。20 cm是土壤温度变化相对稳定的浅土层。     

The effect of land management on carbon and nitrogen status in plants and soils of alpine meadows on the Tibetan plateau

Large‐scale grassland rehabilitation has been carried out on the severely degraded lands of the Tibetan plateau. The grasslands created provide a useful model for evaluating the recovery of ecosystem properties. The purposes of this research were: (1) to examine the relative influence of various rehabilitation practices on carbon and nitrogen in plants and soils in early secondary succession; and (2) to evaluate the degree to which severely degraded grassland altered plant and soil properties relative to the non‐disturbed native community. The results showed: (1) The aboveground tissue C and N content in the control were 105·97 g m⁻² and 3·356 g m⁻², respectively. The aboveground tissue C content in the mixed seed treatment, the single seed treatment, the natural recovery treatment and the severely degraded treatment was 137 per cent, 98 per cent, 49 per cent and 38 per cent, respectively, of that in the control. The corresponding aboveground tissue N content was 109 per cent, 84 per cent, 60 per cent and 47 per cent, respectively, of that in the control. (2) Root C and N content in 0–20 cm depths of the control had an average 1606 g m⁻² and 30·36 g m⁻², respectively. Root C and N content in the rehabilitation treatments were in the range of 26–36 per cent and 35–53 per cent, while those in the severely degraded treatment were only 17 per cent and 26 per cent of that in the control. (3) In the control the average soil C and N content at 0–20 cm was 11 307 g m⁻² and 846 g m⁻², respectively. Soil C content in the uppermost 20 cm in the seeded treatments, the natural recovery treatment and the severely degraded treatment was 67 per cent, 73 per cent and 57 per cent, respectively, while soil N content in the uppermost 20 cm was 72 per cent, 82 per cent and 79 per cent, respectively, of that in the control. The severely degraded land was a major C source. Restoring the severely degraded lands to perennial vegetation was an alternative approach to sequestering C in former degraded systems. N was a limiting factor in seeding grassland. It is necessary for sustainable utilization of seeding grassland to supply extra N fertilizer to the soil or to add legume species into the seed mix. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

藏族的草原游牧文化(Ⅱ)——藏区的草原和生产文化

青藏高原是全球海拔最高的自然地域单元,由于地势高耸、气候寒冷而被称之为“地球第三极”.它是南亚、东南亚众水发源地,哺育了中华黄河、长江流域文明和印度河流域文明.至当代,它仍然对中华民族乃至南亚、东南亚人民的生存和发展有着决定性影响.草原分为高寒草原、高寒草甸、荒漠草原、高寒灌丛等.在各类草地类型中,以高寒草原与草甸草地...     

The changes in physiological and biochemical traits of Tibetan wild and cultivated barley in response to low phosphorus stress

Low phosphorus (LP) limits crop growth and productivity in the majority of arable lands worldwide. Here, we investigated the changes in physiological and biochemical traits of Tibetan wild barleys (Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum) XZ99 (LP tolerant), XZ100 (LP sensitive), and cultivated barley ZD9 (moderately LP tolerant) under two phosphorus (P) levels during vegetative stage. These genotypes showed considerable differences in the change of biomass accumulation, root/shoot dry weight ratio, root morphology, organic acid secretion, carbohydrate metabolism, ATPase (Adenosine triphosphatase) activity, P concentration and accumulation under LP in comparison with CK (control) condition. The higher LP tolerance of XZ99 is associated with more developed roots, enhanced sucrose biosynthesis and hydrolysis of carbohydrate metabolism pathway, higher APase (Acid phosphatase) and ATPase activity, and more secretion of citrate and succinate in roots when plants are exposed to LP stress. The results prove the potential of Tibetan wild barley in developing barley cultivars with high tolerance to LP stress and understanding the mechanisms of LP tolerance in plants.     

不同海拔环境中藏鸡生长曲线及杂种优势分析

为研究藏鸡生长规律及生长性能杂种优势,测定了藏鸡、矮小隐性白肉鸡(低地肉鸡品种)及其杂交F1代在低海拔和高海拔环境中体重和胫长的生长数据,运用Richards模型拟合其生长规律。结果表明Richards比较适宜拟合鸡在高、低海拔环境中体重和胫长的生长模式,R2>0.99。高海拔环境会降低鸡的生长速度、拐点值、生长极限和最大日增长,延长拐点时间。藏鸡在低海拔极限体重、拐点体重和最大日增重分别为1008.3、477.9和11.69 g,在高海拔分别为525.0、229.5和5.12 g;分别降低了47.9%、52.0%和56.8%,但影响程度均低于低海拔品种矮小隐性白肉鸡,表现出高海拔适应性,其杂交F1代的体重生长参数有明显的杂种优势,尤其在高海拔环境中,极限体重、拐点体重和最大日增重杂种优势率分别达59.5%、56.8%和52.3%,是藏鸡杂交利用的良好组合。     

大肠杆菌对藏羊子宫内膜上皮细胞相关炎性因子表达的影响

为了探究大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)对藏羊子宫内膜上皮细胞(EECs)相关炎性因子表达的影响,本研究采用组织块贴壁法和酶消化法培养藏羊EECs;用不同感染复数(MOI)进行E. coli感染试验,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)及酶联免疫(ELISA)技术,分析白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素8(IL-8)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)等炎性因子的RNA和蛋白表达水平。结果表明,培养液中加入50 ng·mL^-1表皮生长因子(EGF)能成功培养出藏羊EECs,纯度达到98%以上;E. coli感染试验中,当MOI为1:1时,IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8基因和蛋白的表达量与对照组相比差异不显著,而TNF-α表达量显著升高(P<0.05);当MOI为20:1时,IL-8基因和蛋白的表达量显著升高(P<0.05);当MOI为50:1时,IL-1β、IL-6基因和蛋白的表达量显著升高(P<0.05),而TNF-α表达量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,酶消化法可成功培养藏羊EECs;不同MOI E.coli感染后,藏羊EECs中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α等炎性因子的表达量较对照组均显著升高(P<0.05),它们可作为识别子宫内膜炎病理变化程度的指标。本研究结果为预防子宫内膜炎、提高藏羊的生产性能以及生态养殖提供了理论依据。     

藏族的草原游牧文化（Ⅳ）——藏族的生态文明、文化教育和历史上的法律

通过查阅资料,综述了藏族传统生态伦理：如一切生物都是平等的,家畜与野生动物共生存,对自身生产、消费的限制和对自然资源的有限利用。藏族对自然界的禁忌有：对山的禁忌,对水体和土地的禁忌,禁忌打猎,禁忌侵犯＂神牛＂、＂神羊＂,禁忌陌生人进入牛羊群或在牛羊圈清点牛羊数,禁食用一切爪类、圆蹄类动物肉等。藏族牧民精神上是充实的,他...     

青海省海北州同宝牧场草原地下鼢鼠调查与灭治

海北州同宝牧场地下鼢鼠平均密度为3．434只／hm^2，鼢鼠土丘密度最高达2425个／hm^2。鼢鼠当年土丘数、土丘覆盖度、牧草损失量均与鼢鼠密度有显著的线性相关关系，其回归方程为：Y土丘数＝0．1919＋0．0189x；Y覆盖度＝0．218＋3．268；Y损失量＝0．22＋0．1565x。通过灭治，最高灭效94．7％，最低灭效90．1％，平均灭效92．4％，达到“青海省草地鼠虫害灭治验收收标准”。     

不同处理对西藏牦牛超数排卵的影响研究

本研究选用了埋植CIDR栓法、埋植PRID栓法、PG法以及PMSG+PG法四套方案对西藏41头母牦牛进行了超数排卵试验。试验结果:埋植CIDR法得到的平均卵母细胞数为7.4枚/头,埋植PRID法得到的平均卵母细胞数为6.5枚/头,PG法得到的平均卵母细胞数为4枚/头,PMSG+PG法得到的平均卵母细胞数为4.8枚/头,各组之间差异极显著(P<0.01);而经过卵母细胞成熟培养之后,埋植CIDR法得到的平均可用卵母细胞数为6.2枚/头,埋植PRID法得到的平均可用卵母细胞数也为6.2枚/头,PG法得到的平均可用卵母细胞数为4枚/头,PMSG+PG法得到的平均可用卵母细胞数为4.6枚/头,CIDR+FSH法与PRID+FSH法两组、两次PG法与PMSG+PG法两组差异不显著(P>0.05),但是CIDR+FSH法和PRID+FSH法组与两次PG法和PMSG+PG法组之间差异都极显著(P<0.01);用CIDR法和PRID法进行西藏牦牛超排效果较好,并可获得较多的可用卵母细胞。     

青海玉树不同海拔高度草毡土微生物数量及影响因子

应用稀释平板法探讨了不同海拔高度土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量与生境的关系.结果表明,不同海拔样地真菌数量差异显著;AM-2样地细菌、真菌数量最大;AM-3的放线菌数量最大;而AM-4的细菌数量、真菌数量、放线菌数量均为最小值;相关性分析表明,细菌、真菌、放线菌与海拔、地下生物量呈显著正相关;与土壤含水量呈极显著负相关.这表明,土壤微生物受到地下生物量及土壤含水量影响最大.