我国城市绿化存在的问题及其对策研究

从城市规划理念落后、生物多样性削弱、景观季相变化匮乏、植物应用中的矛盾、野生资源的浪费等方面论述了我国城市绿化中存在的主要问题，并针对出现的问题提出了相应对策：改变传统园林理念，走生态园林的发展道路；以人工植物群落为主体，以大地景观规划设计为指导，增加园林生物多样性，构成具有美化、净化、调节和改善环境功能的城乡一体化的大地景观生态系统；加快种苗的生产和现代信息技术在城市园林管理中的应用。     

Rural livelihood benefits from participation in the taungya agroforestry system in Ondo State of Nigeria

This study examines the strategies and benefits of the taungya farming system to both the government and the rural economy in Nigeria. An interview survey was conducted in which data were collected from 115 randomly selected farmers in five villages in the Oluwa forest reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria. The study examines the extent of participation of rural dwellers in plantation development through taungya farming and the degree of success of this system as an afforestation method. The farmers were predominantly illiterate, within the age bracket of 35–54 years and with small farm holdings. Twenty nine percent relied totally on food from the forest reserve for their livelihood, while 71% also had farm holdings in free areas. Land within the reserve is allocated to farmers free of charge but compensation is paid to landlords on land from free areas. A statistically significant difference was detected in income from the two sources of farmland for the households and but not in the size of land allocated under taungya and free areas. About 184 farmers are involved in taungya annually, and 410 ha of Tectonia grandis has been established for the government of Ondo State.     

金沙江干热河谷区退耕还林适宜造林树种筛选研究

金沙江干热河谷上段退耕还林区适宜造林树种筛选结果:甜酸角、山毛豆、苏门答腊金合欢、新银合欢、久树、印度黄檀等适宜在海拔1400m以下地带造林,构树、木豆、坡柳、余甘子、川楝等适宜在海拔1600m以下地带造林,山合欢、黑荆树、墨西哥柏、干香柏等适宜在海拔1400～1600m地带造林。木豆、坡柳、山毛豆等可进行直播造林,山合欢、黑荆树、川楝、苏门答腊金合欢、新银合欢、久树等采用百日容器苗造林,甜酸角、墨西哥柏、干香柏、印度黄檀等采用1年生容器大苗造林效果更好。块状整地(规格40cm×40cm×40cm),施有机肥加一定量的N、P肥作基肥,塘底施放高丙体粉防治白蚁危害,于雨季初期择时取苗造林,造林后应防止种植塘积水。造林苗木选用充分木质化的粗大壮苗;造林后和雨季中、后期及时清除种植塘周围杂草。     

黄土半干旱区集水造林条件下林木生长适宜的土壤水分环境

2000年在山西方山，采用LI－6200光合测定系统和LI－1600稳态气孔仪，对不同集水措施试验地的刺槐、侧柏和苹果的生理指标进行了实地观测，并辅以相同树种实地盆栽苗木水分胁迫条件下的林木生理指标观测，研究了林木净光合速率、羧化效率、水分利用效率与土壤含水量的定量关系。结果表明：维持刺槐、侧柏和苹果净光合作用的最佳土壤含水量分别为17.13%、15.9%和16.11%，三树种维持叶片水分利用效率的最佳土壤含水量依次为13.23%、10.66%和12.38%；羧化效率最高时的土壤含水量临界值依次为15.7%、15.5%和15.8%；土壤水合补偿点分别为4.55%、3.91%和4.49%。上述三树种蒸腾速率所适宜的土壤含水量分别为18.82%、19.70%和16.33%。根据集水造林的基本构思，可选取维持最佳叶片水分利用效率的土壤含水量临界值作为集水造林林木密度调控的土壤水分阈值和林木需水量的低限计算条件。这一指标可量化为刺槐10％－13％，苹果10％－12.5%，侧柏9.5%-11%。     

Assessment of wood surface roughness: comparison of tactile roughness and three-dimensional parameters derived using a robust Gaussian regression filter

Japanese oak and Japanese beech were sanded by hand with abrasive papers of varying grit number. Two three-dimensional parameters selected to characterize their surface roughness – one parameter for the distribution of roughness-profile peaks and the other for the relative area of the roughness-profile peaks above the threshold height – were compared against tactile roughness. The parameters were obtained from roughness profiles as determined by a robust Gaussian regression filter (RGRF) using seven cutoffs. The RGRF filtering process was adjusted specifically for the evaluation of wood surface roughness. Except for a cutoff wavelength of 0.25mm, the RGRF lent itself well to the determination of roughness profiles. No distortion of roughness profiles occurred around deep valleys, and there was a good correlation between the parameters and tactile roughness.Part of this study was presented at the 2002 Kansai Branch Office lecture meeting of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, Kyotanabe, August 2002     

Nutrient Management for Eucalypt Plantations in South China

Eucalypts are very popular for revegetation in many parts of south China because of their capacity to tolerate degraded sites and unfertile soils,and their fast growth potential to coppice. This paper reviews a decade of field trials in china, undertaken as part of several bilateral researchprograms in plantation forestry, concerning the use of fertilizers, harvest residue management and inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi. One of the key questions addressed is whether the productivity of plantation eucalypts in south China can be increased to the world average by nutrient management across a rotation.     

Spatially Explicit Evaluation of Local Extractive Benefits from Mangrove Plantations in Bangladesh

Mangroves worldwide provide a wide range of ecosystem services utilized directly and indirectly by local peoples. Between 1966 and 2001, Bangladesh established approximately 148,000 ha of mangrove plantations in coastal areas within the Barisal and Chittagong Divisions. Though erosion and human encroachment and conversion have removed over two-thirds of these stands, the Forest Department has continued to undertake new plantation activities.

To investigate how and to what degree people directly utilize these mangroves, I conducted 340 household surveys across eight coastal villages located in close proximity to established plantations. The predominant direct use of the mangrove plantations by local rural communities is the extraction of detritus and nonmain stem material (e.g., limbs, leaves) for combustible fuel. This study uses household foraging distances to estimate and map net value densities based on reported market prices of extracted goods. The average extractive value of mangrove plantations is Tk 2,300 ha^?1 yr^?1, ranging among the villages from 300 to Tk 27,400 ha^?1 yr^?1, with values concentrated closer to the village. Cost-benefit analyses suggest that direct use values alone have justified the establishment and management of previously planted stands. However, other indirect values must be taken into account if these areas are to merit additional plantations.     

Effects of closing mountain for forest restoration in the watershed of Miyun reservoir,Beijing

The paper provides a systematical analysis of ecological restoration effects of natural secondary forest of closurearea in Chao Guanxi Gou, Miyun County, Beijing. The results indicate that through more than twenty years of hillclosing afforestation since 1983, canopy closure has improved almost by 0.2; forest cover rate has raised from 7.2% to 93.8%; biodiversity, tree biomass and vegetation community have increased to a great extent. Compared with the average canopy closure before hillclosing afforestation in this area, it has improved to over 0.4 in average and increased by 0.1-0.2. The forest coverage degree has reached more than 90%. Consequently, the forest plays more important roles in intercepting precipitation, improving water storage capacity of soil, decreasing the surface runoff, and preventing soil and water loss.     

洞庭湖滩地造林成活率的关键影响因子

用样行法对洞庭湖滩地新造速生丰产纸浆林的成活率进行调查,同时了解造林地连续4 a汛期的水文规律和海拔高程的演变过程,通过分析造林成活率与主要影响因子之间的关系,发现淹水时间为滩地造林的限制性因子,营造速生丰产林、一般用材林和短周期工业原料林时,造林地年淹水天数依次不能超过19、35和62 d;苗木等级对造林成活率有重大影响,特级苗、Ⅰ级苗、Ⅱ级苗、Ⅲ级苗的平均成活率在海拔低于32 m的造林地上分别为68.8%、49.3%、18.7%、2.4%,在海拔超过32 m的造林地上分别为98.8%、79.6%、36.4%、14.7%;采用开沟抬垄整地可减轻涝渍胁迫,从而大幅度提高造林成活率.     

黄土高原适于造林的雨水收集系统设计方法

根据黄土高原地区降水缺乏的自然条件 ,该文提出了 30 0mm到 6 0 0mm地区用于造林的集水设计与施工方法 .这种集水系统由不同形式、大小的种植区与产流区组成的微型集水区形成 ,其设计依据主要是降雨、产流区的径流系数、来自树木和土壤的蒸散、土壤水分亏缺及降水资源环境容量等等 .经过YJG(有机硅化学处理 )处理的产流区、拍光压实产流区和自然坡面的径流系数分别为 0 8 0 89,0 2 3 0 36 ,0 0 8 0 10 根据彭曼法计算的土壤水分亏缺量在 5 0mm到 30 0mm之间 .在降雨量为 4 0 0mm的地区经过YJG处理之后用材林每株林木的产流面积为 3 4m2 ,经济树种为 8 10m2 ;经过压光拍实处理之后用材林每株林木的产流面积为 6 8m2 ,经济树种为 10 12m2 ;自然坡面对于用材林每株林木的产流区面积为 8 10m2 ,经济树种为 12 15m2 采用这种系统经过YJG处理产流区、拍光压实产流区和保持自然坡面的微型集水区中树木的蒸腾量分别是总集水量的 4 7 6 5 % 5 3 31% ,2 4 10 % 36 93%和 18 6 5 % 2 9 5 5 % .这种大面积应用于黄土高原地区的系统被称为径流林业 .