太湖新银鱼种群摄食对小江浮游动物群落结构的影响

为探究三峡水库典型支流小江太湖新银鱼（Neosalanx taihuensis）种群摄食对浮游动物群落结构的影响,于2019年1~12月逐月对太湖新银鱼与浮游动物样品进行采集并分析太湖新银鱼胃含物组成与浮游动物群落结构特征。分析结果表明：（1）太湖新银鱼的饵料生物主要为桡足类（相对重要指数百分比（IRI%）=79.97%）,其次为枝角类（IRI%=18.86%）,轮虫占比较少（IRI%=0.001%）。（2）3至6月（太湖新银鱼春群繁殖期）太湖新银鱼生物量迅速上升,并在5、6月维持较高水平的生物量,而浮游动物群落结构呈现小型化趋势,生物量由28.93 mg/L下降至1.13 mg/L;密度由21173.39 ind./L增加至26808.23 ind./L。7月小江禁捕结束,太湖新银鱼生物量开始急剧下降,小江浮游动物中桡足类和枝角类的密度与生物量迅速升高,于8月（密度为151.98 ind./L;生物量为3.39 mg/L）达到全年最高。（3）在太湖新银鱼生物量较高的时期,由于太湖新银鱼对于枝角类和桡足类具有较强的选择性,导致水体中枝角类和桡足类生物量占比（17%~58%）显著低于其它时期（P<0.05）。由此认为,太湖新银鱼生物量与浮游动物群落结构变化存在较强的关联性,太湖新银鱼种群摄食的下行效应可能是小江浮游动物生物量下降及群落结构小型化的关键原因。明晰太湖新银鱼种群生长与浮游动物群落结构的动态变化关系可为小江水华暴发的控制与水生态健康管理提供理论依据。     

三峡库区果园生态系统分析

以重庆市万州区五桥"黄新"移民高效生态农业开发带为例,通过具体分析三峡库区果园生态系统的结构、功能和效益,发现库区果园生态系统存在结构不合理、功能没有发挥、效益偏低的问题,并根据库区近2年的调查与实验,提出了库区如何利用三峡工程这一巨大机遇来优化果园生态系统、发展果树生产的建议与对策。     

isopropylstilbene发酵条件优化及其对灰葡萄孢的抑制作用

isopropylstilbene (3, 5-二羟基-4-异丙基二苯乙烯) 是发光杆菌Photohabdus temperata产生的一种二苯乙烯类化合物,具有多种生物活性。为促进isopropylstilbene在农业抗生素领域应用价值的开发,采用固相萃取、柱层析等技术从发光杆菌P. temperata SN 35的发酵液中分离纯化得到1个化合物,通过核磁共振氢谱对其结构进行了确认,并采用高效液相色谱测定了其纯度;通过Plackett-Burman试验和响应面法对发光杆菌SN 35摇瓶发酵培养条件进行了优化,并初步研究了所分离化合物对灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea的离体抑菌活性及对灰霉病的防治效果。结果表明:所分离的化合物为isopropylstilbene,纯度为93%;对发光杆菌SN 35摇瓶发酵培养条件进行优化后,isopropylstilbene的产量是优化前的2.22倍。离体抑菌试验结果表明:isopropylstilbene对灰葡萄孢的菌丝生长具有较好的抑制作用,其EC₅₀值为 (9.17 ± 0.17) μg/mL,但低于对照药剂百菌清[EC₅₀值为 (0.90 ± 0.08) μg/mL];在10 μg/mL下,isopropylstilbene对灰葡萄孢孢子萌发的抑制率为63.01%。活体盆栽试验结果表明,在200 μg/mL下,isopropylstilbene对黄瓜灰霉病的防治效果达92.19%,与百菌清的防效 (97.63%) 相当,对番茄灰霉病的防治效果为72.12%,略低于百菌清 (81.61%)。本研究通过对isopropylstilbene发酵条件的优化,为其工业化生产奠定了理论基础。该化合物对灰霉病具有很好的防治效果,可为天然杀菌剂的研究与开发提供参考。     

Ecology and management of earthworm casting on sports turf

Earthworm activity is beneficial in most natural and agricultural systems, but excessive earthworm casting is a problem on sports fields worldwide. Expulsion of soil‐rich earthworm fecal matter, or casts, as mounds of soil on the turf canopy can muddy the surface, reduce photosynthesis, and lead to thinning, weed invasion and surface softening. Casts affect ball roll on sports fields, cause fouling of maintenance equipment, and dull mower blades. Build‐up of cast material on reel mower units can affect height and quality of cut. Casting activity is dependent on environmental conditions such as soil texture, temperature, moisture, pH, and organic matter. Response to environmental conditions varies by species. Management options are limited, because no pesticides are specifically labeled for earthworm control at this time, and cultural control methods such as soil modification, turfgrass clipping removal, and sand topdressing have limited and inconsistent efficacy. Products containing plant‐derived saponins and irritants show promise for earthworm management. Pest management practices to mitigate excessive earthworm casting will likely need to be species‐specific, but limited knowledge of earthworm identification by end‐users further inhibits the efficacy of control measures. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

我国高速公路的绿化

论述了我国高速公路的绿化现状 ,提出了存在的问题并对其解决措施进行了探讨     

沙尘物质的来源与防治途径

本文分析了沙尘暴形成的自然过程和危害特征,并探讨了内蒙古沙源区土壤颗粒物质的含量,指出沙尘暴的沙尘来源主要是退化草原、活化的沙地和裸露坡耕地等。同时根据风沙流运移规律及其和土壤颗粒的关系,提出了防治沙尘暴的关键技术原理,并探讨了有效控制沙尘暴的技术途径。     

柴达木盆地东部环境演化对古文化的影响

研究表明晚全新世柴达木盆地气候进一步向干旱化方向发展,气候的干旱化以及由此导致的环境变化对盆地古文化产生了深刻的影响,全新世气候与环境的变化深刻地影响着柴达木盆地古人类文化的出现、发展与衰亡。地层剖面测年与分析表明,柴达木盆地诺木洪文化兴盛于约3300aB.P.,衰亡于约2900aB.P.,诺木洪文化在这发展过程中受气候波动的影响曾出现一次文化断层,由此可将诺木洪文化分为前后两期。环境变化是柴达木盆地史前古人类文明兴衰重要决定因素。     

Pest Management in Traditional Tropical Agroecosystems: Lessons for Pest Prevention Research and Extension

Based on current agroecological theory and IPM practices, this review explores the role of traditional practices, involving site selection, soil management, timing of planting and harvesting, crop resistance, intercropping, weed management, harvest residue management, post-harvest management, natural enemies management, mechanical control, repellents and traps in the natural regulation of potential pests. In synthesis, the literature suggests that although pest management professionals focus their efforts on pest control, the preventative approach taken by traditional farmers is more effective. Potential constraints to the implementation of this preventive pest management approach include:(1) lack of integration of ecological theory and pest management, (2) lack of cooperation among social and biological scientists, and (3) lack of real efforts to work with farmers as equals and support mechanisms that protect their knowledge. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Significance of leaf infection by Botrytis cinerea in stem rotting of tomatoes grown in non-heated greenhouses

The most serious symptom of Botrytis cinerea in tomatoes grown in greenhouses is stem rotting. Lesions on the stem may result from direct infection or from progression of the rot along infected leaves, until infection approaches the stem. In a set of experiments conducted in commercial greenhouses, an experimental greenhouse and growth chambers, the significance of the two types of stem infections was studied. In non-heated greenhouses most of the stem lesions originated from progression of the pathogen along infected petioles. The rate at which B. cinerea had progressed on infected petioles was 0.3–0.5 cm/day, an average of ca. 6 weeks was needed for a leaf infection to approach the stem. Application of Trichoderma harzianum T39 extended this time by 1–2 weeks and application of chemical fungicides by 3 weeks. Influence of the environment on the progression of B. cinerea along infected petioles was then determined. Within range of 5–30 °C, the higher the temperature, the more rapid was the rate of disease progression. The fungus progressed more rapidly on tomato petioles incubated at high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) rather than at low VPD. The source-sink relationship of the plant governed the rate of B. cinerea progression along the petioles as well: it was more rapid when the source was restricted (by shading) and slower when the sink was restricted (by removal of flowers and small fruits). The possibility that sanitation of infected leaflets would reduce the incidence of stem rotting was examined in two experiments. In plots not treated with a fungicide, the sanitation treatment substantially decreased the incidence of stem lesions and this treatment was as effective as weekly application of chemical fungicides.