黄河故道区域不同种植模式及秸秆还田方式对土壤的改良效果

由于长期受到流水冲击,黄河故道区域农田以中低产田为主,因此本区域农田质量提升成为黄河中下游平原绿色发展的重要研究课题。在河南濮阳清丰地区秸秆还田方式的基础上,选取黄河故道区域广泛种植的小麦、玉米和花生三大主要农作物,于2009年进行4种种植模式长期定位试验：小麦-玉米、小麦-花生、小麦-玉米-小麦-花生和单季花生,其中小麦和玉米秸秆全部还田,花生秸秆不还田,探究不同种植模式对土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田量越多,土壤有机质含量提高越多,小麦-花生、小麦-玉米-小麦-花生种植模式下土壤有机质含量最高,且其土壤含水量也显著高于其他处理,上层土壤容重有所降低,显著改善了土壤砂质化,提升了土壤的蓄水能力;秸秆还田量较大的种植模式的养分保持能力明显提高,养分含量显著增加;微生物群落结构对不同种植模式响应结果为,花生可以显著提升微生物丰度,微生物群落多样性随种植作物类型的增加而增加。因此,小麦-玉米-小麦-花生种植模式较为适宜濮阳清丰黄河故道区域,有利于土壤改良和区域农业的可持续发展。     

栗茶间作模式对茶树光合特性的影响

对栗茶间作模式和单作模式下茶树叶片的光合生理生态特征分析表明,栗茶间作模式下净光合速率(Pn)日变化为单峰曲线,单作模式下净光合速率(Pn)日变化为双峰曲线;栗茶间作模式下茶树净光合速率(Pn)与胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和光合有效辐射(PAR)和大气温度(Ta)和叶面温度(Tl)呈显著相关,单作模式下茶树净光合速率(Pn)与胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)呈显著相关;栗茶间作模式和单作模式的回归方程分别为Pn=12.8713-0.0267Ci,Pn=23.1111+22.7827Cond-0.0770Ci.     

Simulating the cumulative effects of multiple forest management strategies on landscape measures of forest sustainability

While the cumulative effects of the actions of multiple owners have long been recognized as critically relevant to efforts to maintain sustainable forests at the landscape scale, few studies have addressed these effects. We used the HARVEST timber harvest simulator to predict the cumulative effects of four owner groups (two paper companies, a state forest and non-industrial private owners) with different management objectives on landscape pattern in an upper Michigan landscape managed primarily for timber production. We quantified trends in landscape pattern metrics that were linked to Montreal Process indicators of forest sustainability, and used a simple wildlife habitat model to project habitat trends. Our results showed that most trends were considered favorable for forest sustainability, but that some were not. The proportion of all age classes and some forest types moved closer to presettlement conditions. The trend for the size of uneven-aged patches was essentially flat while the average size of patches of the oldest and youngest age classes increased and the size of patches of the remaining age classes decreased. Forest fragmentation generally declined, but edge density of age classes increased. Late seral forest habitat increased while early successional habitat declined. The owners use different management systems that cumulatively produce a diversity of habitats. Our approach provides a tool to evaluate such cumulative effects on other landscapes owned by multiple owners. The approach holds promise for helping landowner groups develop and evaluate cooperative strategies to improve landscape patterns for forest sustainability.     

不同供水条件对冬小麦根系分布、产量及水分利用效率的影响

通过中科院栾城农业生态试验站3种不同降水年型的田间灌水试验,研究了不同供水条件对冬小麦根系分布、产量及水分利用效率的影响,旨在为华北地区冬小麦建立优化灌溉制度,提高水分利用效率,达到节水增产目的提供理论依据。试验结果表明,冬小麦根系主要集中分布在80 cm以上土层,随土层深度的增加,根长密度呈指数下降;综合分析根系对不同土层的水分吸收、作物耗水组成及产量、水分利用效率与总耗水的关系,提出华北地区冬小麦最佳灌水方式是：丰水年灌0水、平水年灌1水(拔节水)、枯水年灌2水(拔节水和抽穗水),次灌水量60～75 mm,具有明显的节水增产效益。     

On Measurement of Social Security Expenditure＇ s Moderate Level

对不同的国家和地区的社会保障水平适度性的衡量应从其实际经济发展水平和劳动要素分配比率出发,将社会保障水平的总量指标和结构指标结合使用,会更加合理的透视某经济体在社会保障支出和使用方面的问题。     

Logistic分布预测林分直径结构的研究

著名的Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ方程作为生物种群动态模型和生长曲线方程,在生态学和林学中得到了广泛应用;但它作为一种概率分布函数,却一直鲜为人知。林学上,对林分直径分布的研究,从６０年代以后,开始采用分布函数来描述林分的直径结构情况。如正态分布、对数正态分布、...     

民国时期中华职业教育社乡村建设活动述论

20世纪20年代末30年代初,中国历史上形成了一次大规模的乡村建设运动。作为足以代表这个运动的整个方面之较早者——中华职业教育社鉴于农村的衰落,与一般农业学校造就的人材,不合实际的需要,并且不能担当挽救农村衰落的重任,主张改变方向,把职业教育的范围扩大,深入到农村里去,(1)积极投入到乡村建设运动中,在长江三角洲地区展开了一系列的乡村建设活动。     

A behavioural approach of dominance establishment in tank‐held sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) under different feeding conditions

Dominance is a strong behaviour exhibited by farmed species that very often impinges on fish growth and welfare. This study presents a behavioural approach of dominance, where colour pattern differentiation was tested as a signal of dominance presence in small sea bream population. The phenotype of dominance was first described in detail, referring to vertical dark stripes and splayed fins. Fish were kept in triplicate tanks for 21 days, during which they were exposed to three feeding conditions (well fed, limited fed and no‐fed) and continuous video recordings. Each tank was stocked with 15 individuals (~30.34 ± 1.70 g), and they were confined to the half volume of the tank via a removable net pen. Percentage of dominants per population was found up to 40%, while duration was calculated to 53.52 ± 7.44 s. Dominance behaviour was further quantified via colour pattern differentiation on sea bream body (CDA, contrast of dominance appearance). The results demonstrated that the body colour of sea bream is directly linked to species social hierarchies and such variations are visual signal of dominance rank inside the population. The fish feeding conditions had an influence on the dominance presence, but not on the dominance rank (as measured by the CDA) between fish groups. The described study provides state‐of‐the‐art knowledge on sea bream dominance. In relevance to aquaculture, dominance quantification would be a reliable tool to evaluate non‐equal food distribution in tank‐held populations, thus, avoid non‐regulate growth performance of fish before transfer to sea‐cage installations.     

再考黑城所出F116:W115号提调农桑文卷

文章拟在前任研究的基础上,对中国藏黑水城文献一件编号为M1.0093[F116:W115]提调农桑文卷的内容和撰拟时间做进一步考证。经考证认为,此提调农桑文卷很可能就是元代地方官以《救荒活民类要》为底本,并参考了《至正条格》而撰拟所成,文书很可能是《救荒活民类要》的某一个地方版。文书撰拟时间是上限元至顺初年(1330年),下限至北元宣光元年(1371年)。     

永兴县建设用地集约利用现状及对策

土地是城市发展过程中一切生产活动的载体。为缓解土地供需矛盾、保障社会经济稳定快速发展,建设节约型社会,集约利用建设用地研究显得特别重要。文章以郴州市永兴县为研究对象,在对永兴县的建设用地现状分析的基础上,提出建设用地利用过程中存在的问题和相应的对策。